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Viral Recombination00:57

Viral Recombination

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Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.
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Organisms are capable of detecting and fixing nucleotide mismatches that occur during DNA replication. This sophisticated process requires identifying the new strand and replacing the erroneous bases with correct nucleotides. Mismatch repair is coordinated by many proteins in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
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The evolution of new genes is critical for speciation. Exon recombination, also known as exon shuffling or domain shuffling, is an important means of new gene formation. It is observed across vertebrates, invertebrates, and in some plants such as potatoes and sunflowers. During exon recombination, exons from the same or different genes recombine and produce new exon-intron combinations, which might evolve into new genes. 
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Methodology for the Study of Horizontal Gene Transfer in Staphylococcus aureus
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Recombination-Mediated Host Adaptation by Avian Staphylococcus aureus.

Susan Murray1, Ben Pascoe2,3, Guillaume Méric2

  • 1Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, United Kingdom.

Genome Biology and Evolution
|March 25, 2017
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Staphylococcus aureus adapted to chickens, showing distinct genetic variations and enhanced growth at higher temperatures. This study reveals key adaptations in poultry-associated bacterial clones with implications for agriculture.

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Staphylococcus aureus is a global pathogen in farmed chickens, causing significant infections.
  • Poultry-associated lineages of S. aureus have emerged, with questions about their specific adaptations for chicken proliferation.
  • Zoonotic transmission from humans to chickens is implicated in the emergence of these poultry-associated lineages.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To characterize genetic variation in Staphylococcus aureus isolates from poultry and human origins.
  • To identify specific genetic adaptations enabling S. aureus proliferation in chickens.
  • To understand the evolutionary processes driving the emergence of poultry-associated S. aureus clones.

Main Methods:

  • Genome sequencing of S. aureus isolates from poultry and human sources.
  • Genealogical analysis to identify population structure and evolutionary relationships.
  • Comparative genomic analysis to detect genetic differences and horizontal gene transfer.
  • Phenotypic characterization including growth at elevated temperatures and hemolytic activity.

Main Results:

  • A dominant poultry-associated sequence cluster within the CC5 clonal complex was identified.
  • Poultry and human CC5 isolates showed significant genetic distinctness, with more recombination in poultry isolates.
  • 47 genes were more prevalent in poultry CC5 isolates, suggesting adaptation; many showed evidence of horizontal gene transfer.
  • Poultry isolates exhibited enhanced growth at 42°C and greater erythrocyte lysis compared to human isolates.

Conclusions:

  • Staphylococcus aureus demonstrates adaptation following a human-to-poultry host transition.
  • Genetic and phenotypic changes facilitate the proliferation of S. aureus in chickens.
  • Findings have implications for understanding the emergence and spread of pathogenic clones in agricultural settings.