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A life without worms.

Richard E Sanya1,2, Gyaviira Nkurunungi1,3, Irene Andia Biraro2

  • 1MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit, Uganda Virus Research Institute, P.O. Box 49, Entebbe, Uganda.

Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
|March 25, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Worm infections, once common, are declining due to anthelminthic treatments. This shift may impact immune responses and increase non-communicable diseases like allergies and diabetes.

Keywords:
AllergyAnthelminthicHelminthsInfectious diseasesMetabolic diseaseVaccines

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Area of Science:

  • Parasitology
  • Immunology
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Humans and parasitic worms have co-evolved over millions of years, with worms modulating host immune responses to minimize harm.
  • Anthelminthic treatments aim to prevent worm-related pathology and associated morbidities affecting anemia, growth, and cognitive function.
  • Environmental changes, including urbanization and improved hygiene, have led to decreased worm infections and a rise in non-communicable diseases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the long-term implications of human-helminth interactions.
  • To explore the consequences of reduced worm burdens on immune system regulation, vaccine efficacy, and susceptibility to infections.
  • To examine the link between the decline in worm infections and the increasing prevalence of allergic and metabolic diseases.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on human-helminth interactions.
  • Analysis of epidemiological data on infectious and non-communicable diseases.
  • Discussion of immunological mechanisms underlying helminth-host interactions.

Main Results:

  • Declining worm infections correlate with an increase in non-communicable diseases such as allergies, diabetes, and cardiovascular conditions.
  • Reduced exposure to helminths may alter immune system development and vaccine responses.
  • The absence of worms might increase susceptibility to other infections.

Conclusions:

  • The historical presence of worms may have played a role in immune homeostasis and regulation.
  • Life without worms presents complex trade-offs, potentially increasing risks for autoimmune and metabolic disorders.
  • Further research is needed to understand the full impact of helminth absence on human health and disease.