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Related Concept Videos

Autonomic Nervous System: Overview01:26

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The human nervous system is divided into two main parts: the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS is composed of the brain and spinal cord, while the PNS contains nerve cells, clusters of nerve cells, and the sensory receptors that are outside the CNS. The PNS has two types of nerve cells: sensory (afferent) and motor (efferent). Sensory cells send signals to the CNS from receptors, and motor cells carry signals from the CNS to organs, muscles, and...
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Parasympathetic Division of the ANS01:08

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The parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) regulates rest and digestion functions in the body. It works in opposition to the sympathetic division, promoting relaxation, conservation of energy, and digestion. The parasympathetic division consists of preganglionic fibers originating from specific cranial nerves (III, VII, IX, X) and the sacral spinal nerves (S2-S4). These fibers synapse with postganglionic neurons in the terminal ganglia, innervating various organs and...
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Autonomic Nervous System01:22

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The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is a critical component of the peripheral nervous system, primarily responsible for regulating involuntary bodily functions and maintaining homeostasis. It functions in tandem with the central nervous system (CNS) to seamlessly coordinate various physiological processes without the need for conscious control.
The ANS comprises two main divisions: the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. These divisions function antagonistically to maintain a dynamic...
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Sympathetic Pathways: Sympathetic Chain Ganglia01:20

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The sympathetic chain ganglia, also known as the sympathetic trunk ganglia or paravertebral ganglia, are a series of ganglia located bilaterally on either side of the spinal column. These ganglia serve as relay stations for the sympathetic nervous system. Preganglionic neurons originating in the spinal cord project their axons to the sympathetic chain ganglia. Within the ganglia, these preganglionic fibers synapse with postganglionic neurons.The postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic trunk...
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Cranial Part of Parasympathetic Division01:18

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The cranial part of the parasympathetic division plays a crucial role in regulating the visceral functions of the head and specific structures in the neck, thoracic, and abdominopelvic cavities. Preganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic division exit the brain through cranial nerves III (oculomotor), VII (facial), IX (glossopharyngeal), and X (vagus), delivering parasympathetic output to the respective visceral structures.
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Sympathetic Division of the ANS01:19

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The sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) plays a crucial role in preparing the body for stress, physical activity, and increased energy demands. This division activates the "fight-or-flight" response, enabling individuals to respond effectively to challenging situations.
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Updated: Mar 5, 2026

Efficient Differentiation of Postganglionic Sympathetic Neurons using Human Pluripotent Stem Cells under Feeder-free and Chemically Defined Culture Conditions
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The Sacral Autonomic Outflow Is Spinal, but Not "Sympathetic".

Winfried Neuhuber1, Elspeth Mclachlan2, Wilfrid Jänig3

  • 1Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Institut für Anatomie 1, Krankenhausstrasse 9, Erlangen, Germany.

Anatomical Record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007)
|March 26, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This commentary refutes a recent proposal to reclassify sacral autonomic outflow as sympathetic. It argues against this classification, highlighting its potential to mislead scientific understanding of the autonomic nervous system.

Keywords:
autonomic nervous systemparasympatheticpelvic organ innervationsympathetic

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Autonomic Nervous System Physiology
  • Comparative Anatomy

Background:

  • A recent publication suggested reclassifying the sacral autonomic outflow.
  • This proposed reclassification has significant implications for understanding neuroanatomy and autonomic function.
  • The existing classification is based on established physiological and anatomical evidence.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present arguments against the erroneous reclassification of sacral autonomic outflow.
  • To clarify the distinct characteristics of the sacral autonomic outflow.
  • To maintain accurate scientific understanding of the autonomic nervous system.

Main Methods:

  • Critical review of existing literature.
  • Comparative analysis of anatomical and physiological data.
  • Argumentative discourse based on established scientific principles.

Main Results:

  • The commentary provides counterarguments to the proposed reclassification.
  • It emphasizes the distinct nature of the sacral autonomic outflow.
  • The authors defend the current understanding of the autonomic nervous system.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed reclassification of sacral autonomic outflow as sympathetic is scientifically inaccurate.
  • Maintaining the correct classification is crucial for future research and clinical practice.
  • Further evidence is needed to support any significant reclassification of autonomic pathways.