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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 5, 2026

Tactile Vibrating Toolkit and Driving Simulation Platform for Driving-Related Research
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Transition to manual: Comparing simulator with on-road control transitions.

A Eriksson1, V A Banks2, N A Stanton1

  • 1Transportation Research Group, Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, Boldrewood Campus, SO16 7QF, UK.

Accident; Analysis and Prevention
|March 26, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Driving simulators show high validity for automated driving research, correlating well with real-world driving for control transfers. This research validates simulators as effective tools for studying human-automation interaction in vehicles.

Keywords:
Automated drivingDriver behaviourSimulator validityTransfer of controlVehicle automation

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Area of Science:

  • Human-computer interaction
  • Automotive engineering
  • Transportation psychology

Background:

  • Limited research exists on driver behavior transfer in automated driving compared to manual driving.
  • Most human-automation interaction studies occur in controlled lab or test track environments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the correlation between driving simulator research and real-world driving conditions for non-critical control transactions in highly automated vehicles.

Main Methods:

  • Twenty-six drivers used a highway scenario in a driving simulator with automated driving mode.
  • Twelve drivers operated a Tesla Model S with Autopilot activated on a public motorway.
  • Participants were prompted to transfer control to and from automation in both settings.

Main Results:

  • Drivers resumed control faster in on-road conditions.
  • Strong positive correlations were observed for control transfers between simulator and on-road driving.
  • No significant differences in workload, perceived usefulness, or satisfaction were found between simulator and on-road drives.

Conclusions:

  • Driving simulators demonstrate high relative validity for automated driving research.
  • Simulators are a viable research tool for studying human-automation interaction in automated vehicles.