Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Mass Analyzers: Overview01:13

Mass Analyzers: Overview

1.9K
The mass analyzer is a crucial component of the mass spectrometer. In the ionization chamber, the vaporized sample is bombarded with a high-energy electron beam to generate a radical cation and further fragment into neutral molecules, radicals, and cations. A series of negatively charged accelerator plates accelerate the cations into the mass analyzer. The mass analyzer separates ions according to their mass-to-charge (m/z) ratios and then directs them to the detector. The common types of mass...
1.9K
State Space Representation01:27

State Space Representation

638
The frequency-domain technique, commonly used in analyzing and designing feedback control systems, is effective for linear, time-invariant systems. However, it falls short when dealing with nonlinear, time-varying, and multiple-input multiple-output systems. The time-domain or state-space approach addresses these limitations by utilizing state variables to construct simultaneous, first-order differential equations, known as state equations, for an nth-order system.
Consider an RLC circuit, a...
638
Mass Analyzers: Common Types01:19

Mass Analyzers: Common Types

1.7K
The quadrupole mass analyzer consists of four cylindrical metal rods arranged in a diamond carrying a DC voltage and a radio-frequency AC voltage. The motion of ions through the quadrupole depends on the field strength, causing only ions of a certain m/z to resonate successfully and strike the detector at a given field strength. Though the transmission rate for these analyzers is high, the exact elemental composition of the sample is not determined because of low resolution; however, they are...
1.7K
Routh-Hurwitz Criterion II01:19

Routh-Hurwitz Criterion II

1.1K
In the application of the Routh-Hurwitz criterion, two specific scenarios can arise that complicate stability analysis.
The first scenario occurs when a singular zero appears in the first column of the Routh table. This situation creates a division by zero issues. To resolve this, a small positive or negative number, denoted as epsilon (∈), is substituted for the zero. The stability analysis proceeds by assuming a sign for ∈. If ∈ is positive, any sign change in the first...
1.1K
Blank Solutions00:56

Blank Solutions

1.4K
A blank solution is a solution that does not contain the analyte, or the substance of interest being tested or measured. It is typically prepared using the same reagents and procedure as the sample solution but without adding the analyte. The primary purpose of preparing a blank solution is to account for any background interference or contamination that may affect the accuracy and reliability of the analytical method.
In some experimental cases, the reagents, solvents, or lab equipment used in...
1.4K
Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals I03:24

Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals I

68.7K
The mathematical expression known as the wave function, ψ, contains information about each orbital and the wavelike properties of electrons in an isolated atom. When atoms are bound together in a molecule, the wave functions combine to produce new mathematical descriptions that have different shapes. This process of combining the wave functions for atomic orbitals is called hybridization and is mathematically accomplished by the linear combination of atomic orbitals. The new orbitals that...
68.7K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Two-level optimizer for large-scale metasurfaces with strong near-field coupling.

Optics express·2026
Same author

Optical cross-purity.

Optics letters·2026
Same author

Bridging the gap between ultrafast optics and resonant photonics in an omni-resonant Fabry-Pérot cavity.

Optics letters·2026
Same author

Observation of space-time surface plasmon polaritons.

Nature communications·2025
Same author

Resonance-free Fabry-Pérot cavity via unrestricted orbital-angular-momentum ladder-up.

Nature communications·2025
Same author

Ultrafast space-time optical merons in momentum-energy space.

Nature communications·2025
Same journal

Poly(bromophenol blue)/CoSn(OH)<sub>6</sub> cubic particles modified pencil graphite electrode for electrochemical determination of diphenhydramine.

Scientific reports·2026
Same journal

Dietary Chlorella, Spirulina, and acidifier modulate jejunal cytokine-related gene expression in broiler chickens.

Scientific reports·2026
Same journal

Perceived physical activity barriers in university students: associations with fatigue and eating behaviours.

Scientific reports·2026
Same journal

Refuge limitation structures habitat use in agricultural landscapes: evidence from Sunda pangolins.

Scientific reports·2026
Same journal

Lightweight stateless transaction verification with outsourced witness updates for UTXO blockchains.

Scientific reports·2026
Same journal

Efficacy of historical context and exogenous features on deep learning for cooling load forecasting in chilled water plants.

Scientific reports·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 5, 2026

Analyzing Neural Activity and Connectivity Using Intracranial EEG Data with SPM Software
06:50

Analyzing Neural Activity and Connectivity Using Intracranial EEG Data with SPM Software

Published on: October 30, 2018

10.0K

Basis-neutral Hilbert-space analyzers.

Lane Martin1, Davood Mardani2, H Esat Kondakci1

  • 1CREOL, The College of Optics &Photonics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA.

Scientific Reports
|March 28, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers extend optical delay from temporal to spatial domains, enabling analysis of light beams in arbitrary spatial modes. This new

More Related Videos

Applying Hyperspectral Reflectance Imaging to Investigate the Palettes and the Techniques of Painters
07:05

Applying Hyperspectral Reflectance Imaging to Investigate the Palettes and the Techniques of Painters

Published on: June 18, 2021

2.9K
Detection of Architectural Distortion in Prior Mammograms via Analysis of Oriented Patterns
13:44

Detection of Architectural Distortion in Prior Mammograms via Analysis of Oriented Patterns

Published on: August 30, 2013

43.7K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Mar 5, 2026

Analyzing Neural Activity and Connectivity Using Intracranial EEG Data with SPM Software
06:50

Analyzing Neural Activity and Connectivity Using Intracranial EEG Data with SPM Software

Published on: October 30, 2018

10.0K
Applying Hyperspectral Reflectance Imaging to Investigate the Palettes and the Techniques of Painters
07:05

Applying Hyperspectral Reflectance Imaging to Investigate the Palettes and the Techniques of Painters

Published on: June 18, 2021

2.9K
Detection of Architectural Distortion in Prior Mammograms via Analysis of Oriented Patterns
13:44

Detection of Architectural Distortion in Prior Mammograms via Analysis of Oriented Patterns

Published on: August 30, 2013

43.7K

Area of Science:

  • Optics and Photonics
  • Quantum Information Science

Background:

  • Interferometry traditionally uses optical delay for spectral analysis.
  • Spatial mode analysis in optics, crucial for quantum communication, lacks a unified 'delay' concept.
  • Current methods for spatial mode analysis invoke distinct, basis-specific principles.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To generalize the concept of optical delay into the spatial domain.
  • To enable analysis of optical beams within arbitrary spatial mode bases.
  • To develop a 'Hilbert-space analyzer' for versatile modal projection.

Main Methods:

  • Extension of temporal optical delay to the spatial domain.
  • Development of generalized spatial delays corresponding to fractional optical transforms.
  • Implementation of a reconfigurable spatial-light-modulator-based polarization-interferometer.

Main Results:

  • Demonstration of spatial delay for Hermite-Gaussian and Laguerre-Gaussian modes.
  • Identification of the fractional Hankel transform as a generalized delay for Laguerre-Gaussian modes.
  • Successful construction of a 'Hilbert-space analyzer' for arbitrary modal basis projection.

Conclusions:

  • The generalized spatial delay provides a unified framework for analyzing optical beams in various spatial modes.
  • The implemented 'Hilbert-space analyzer' offers a stable and reconfigurable platform for modal analysis.
  • This work advances spatial mode multiplexing and quantum communication by enabling flexible modal decomposition.