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Peripheral artery disease (PAD) predominantly results from atherosclerosis, which involves the accumulation of fatty deposits, or plaques, within the walls of arteries. This causes them to narrow and harden, significantly reducing blood flow. PAD predominantly affects the legs, particularly the arteries supplying the thighs and calves. In rare cases, it may involve other arteries, including those in the arms.Etiology of PAD:The principal cause of PAD is atherosclerosis, which results from fatty...
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Coronary Artery Disease II: Pathophysiology01:26

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Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) originates from a series of events that impair the function of coronary arteries, the blood vessels responsible for delivering oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle. The pathophysiology of CAD is closely linked to atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammatory and lipid-driven condition affecting the vascular endothelium.1. Endothelial DamageThe process begins with damage to the vascular endothelium, which serves as a protective barrier between the blood and the vessel...
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Atherosclerosis I: Introduction01:30

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Atherosclerosis is a progressive disorder characterized by the buildup of plaques on the arterial inner wall, causing them to narrow and harden over time. These plaques comprise lipids, calcium, blood components, carbohydrates, and fibrous tissue. The process primarily affects the intima of large and medium-sized arteries, reducing blood flow in any artery.Etiology and risk factorsThe cause of atherosclerosis is multifactorial, involving a complex interplay among endothelial injury, lipid...
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Coronary Artery Disease (CAD): An Overview with Scientific InsightsCoronary Artery Disease (CAD), often referred to as C-A-D, is a prevalent blood vessel disorder classified under the broader category of atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis is a pathological process characterized by the hardening and narrowing of arteries due to the accumulation of atherosclerotic plaques. These plaques are composed of cholesterol, fatty substances, inflammatory cells, calcium, and fibrin, reducing blood flow to...
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Several body functions deteriorate with age. The external signs of aging are easily identifiable. For example, the skin becomes dry, less elastic, and thins out, forming wrinkles. The skin of the face begins to appear looser due to a decrease in the levels of elastic and collagen fibers in the connective tissue. Additionally, melanin production in the hair follicle decreases with age, resulting in gray hair. Moreover, the senses of sight and hearing decline, so glasses and hearing aids may...
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Atherosclerosis is a progressive disorder that leads to the thickening and narrowing of arterial walls due to plaque buildup. This condition can cause various symptoms depending on the arteries affected:Coronary Artery Disease (CAD): This condition affects the coronary arteries and may lead to chest pain (angina), shortness of breath (dyspnea), heart attacks, and other heart disease symptoms.Cerebrovascular Disease: This affects blood flow to the brain, causing transient ischemic attacks (TIAs)...
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Arterial ageing: from endothelial dysfunction to vascular calcification.

M Tesauro1, A Mauriello2, V Rovella1

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Arterial ageing involves microRNA changes, smooth muscle cell alterations, and calcification, leading to stiffer arteries. Understanding these vascular aging mechanisms can help halt or reverse them.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Science
  • Aging Research
  • Vascular Biology

Background:

  • Arterial aging involves complex structural and functional changes, including altered microRNA expression, autophagy, and smooth muscle cell dynamics.
  • Vascular smooth muscle cells shift from contractile to synthetic phenotypes, promoting intimal thickening and increased arterial stiffness.
  • Age-related arterial changes contribute to atherosclerotic plaque development, characterized by lipid and collagen accumulation, increased calcification, and reduced inflammation in elderly patients.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the multifaceted changes in the arterial system associated with aging.
  • To explore the role of cellular and molecular mechanisms in age-related vascular dysfunction.
  • To identify potential therapeutic targets for halting or reversing vascular aging.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of age-related changes in microRNA expression patterns.
  • Investigation of smooth muscle cell phenotype modulation and migration.
  • Assessment of arterial calcification and mechanical properties, including vessel rigidity and stiffness.
  • Evaluation of atherosclerotic plaque characteristics in different age groups.
  • Examination of oxidative stress and inflammation in endothelial dysfunction.

Main Results:

  • Advancing age is associated with increased arterial stiffness, intimal thickening, and altered smooth muscle cell phenotype.
  • Elderly patients exhibit larger atherosclerotic plaques with increased calcification and lipid accumulation compared to younger individuals.
  • Oxidative stress and inflammation are identified as key pathological mechanisms driving age-related endothelial dysfunction.

Conclusions:

  • Arterial aging is a dynamic process influenced by cellular and molecular changes, leading to increased cardiovascular risk.
  • Understanding the interplay between aging and vascular dysfunction is crucial for developing effective preventative and therapeutic strategies.
  • Vascular aging may be a modifiable process, offering potential for future interventions to improve cardiovascular health in aging populations.