Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:20

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

2.7K
The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...
2.7K
Mechanism of Conjugation01:19

Mechanism of Conjugation

1.3K
Bacterial conjugation is a mechanism of horizontal gene transfer that enables the exchange of genetic material between bacterial cells through direct contact. This process is facilitated by a donor cell carrying a conjugative plasmid, which encodes genes necessary for pilus formation, DNA replication, and transfer. The conjugative plasmid plays a central role in initiating and executing the transfer of genetic material.The tra region of the conjugative plasmid encodes proteins responsible for...
1.3K
Phase II Conjugation Reactions: Overview01:14

Phase II Conjugation Reactions: Overview

1.1K
Conjugation, a key component of phase II biotransformation reactions, is a vital process in drug detoxification. It involves transferring endogenous substances like glucuronic acid, sulfate, and glycine to drugs or their metabolites formed in phase I reactions. These conjugation reactions, often catalyzed by specific enzymes, transform potentially harmful metabolites into inactive, water-soluble forms easily excreted in urine or bile. By enhancing polarity and eliminating pharmacological...
1.1K
EDTA: Chemistry and Properties01:22

EDTA: Chemistry and Properties

3.6K
Polydentate ligands are most widely used in complexometric titrations because they form more stable complexes with the metal ions than mono- or bidentate ligands due to the chelate effect. Examples of polydentate ligands are ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), crown ethers, and cryptands. The most important feature of optimal polydentate ligands is the ability to form 1:1 complexes in a single-step process. Amino carboxylic acid derivatives are frequently used as complexing agents. EDTA is...
3.6K
Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism00:57

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

3.0K
The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the...
3.0K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Sequential Biofunctionalization of a Choline-Based Monomeric Ionic Liquid and Polymerized Ionic Liquid: A Route to Dual Anionic Drug Polymer Conjugates of Piperacillin-Tazobactam.

ACS biomaterials science & engineering·2026
Same author

Quinobenzothiazine-AZT Hybrids Linked via 1,2,3-Triazole: Rational Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation as Anticancer Agents.

International journal of molecular sciences·2026
Same author

<i>Madhuca longifolia</i> bark extract as an adjunct to the treatment of colon carcinoma cells with SN-38: a synergistic combination with potent activity.

Frontiers in pharmacology·2026
Same author

Factors affecting the microbiological air quality in a school corridor - a case study.

Journal of environmental health science & engineering·2026
Same author

The Interaction of Structural Analogues of Phenothiazines in p53-Dependent Cellular Signaling Pathways.

ACS omega·2026
Same author

Prevention of brain scarring during cranial reconstruction through a bioactive polymer coating.

Biomaterials advances·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 5, 2026

Activation and Conjugation of Soluble Polysaccharides using 1-Cyano-4-Dimethylaminopyridine Tetrafluoroborate CDAP
07:20

Activation and Conjugation of Soluble Polysaccharides using 1-Cyano-4-Dimethylaminopyridine Tetrafluoroborate CDAP

Published on: June 14, 2021

7.9K

Cellular response to star-shaped polyacids. Solution behavior and conjugation advantages.

Anna Mielańczyk1, Magdalena Skonieczna2, Dorota Neugebauer1

  • 1Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, M. Strzody 9, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland.

Toxicology Letters
|March 29, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Star-shaped polymethacrylates were functionalized with fluorescein or doxorubicin for drug delivery. Doxorubicin conjugates showed higher conjugation efficiency and potential as polymeric drug carriers, while fluorescein conjugates are suitable for in vitro imaging.

Keywords:
ConjugationFluorescencePolymer toxicityWeek polyacids

More Related Videos

Initial Evaluation of Antibody-conjugates Modified with Viral-derived Peptides for Increasing Cellular Accumulation and Improving Tumor Targeting
11:58

Initial Evaluation of Antibody-conjugates Modified with Viral-derived Peptides for Increasing Cellular Accumulation and Improving Tumor Targeting

Published on: March 8, 2018

8.1K
Efficient and Site-specific Antibody Labeling by Strain-promoted Azide-alkyne Cycloaddition
09:06

Efficient and Site-specific Antibody Labeling by Strain-promoted Azide-alkyne Cycloaddition

Published on: December 23, 2016

22.5K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Mar 5, 2026

Activation and Conjugation of Soluble Polysaccharides using 1-Cyano-4-Dimethylaminopyridine Tetrafluoroborate CDAP
07:20

Activation and Conjugation of Soluble Polysaccharides using 1-Cyano-4-Dimethylaminopyridine Tetrafluoroborate CDAP

Published on: June 14, 2021

7.9K
Initial Evaluation of Antibody-conjugates Modified with Viral-derived Peptides for Increasing Cellular Accumulation and Improving Tumor Targeting
11:58

Initial Evaluation of Antibody-conjugates Modified with Viral-derived Peptides for Increasing Cellular Accumulation and Improving Tumor Targeting

Published on: March 8, 2018

8.1K
Efficient and Site-specific Antibody Labeling by Strain-promoted Azide-alkyne Cycloaddition
09:06

Efficient and Site-specific Antibody Labeling by Strain-promoted Azide-alkyne Cycloaddition

Published on: December 23, 2016

22.5K

Area of Science:

  • Polymer chemistry and nanomedicine
  • Biomaterials science
  • Drug delivery systems

Background:

  • Star-shaped polymethacrylates with pendant carboxyl groups were synthesized.
  • These polymers were investigated for intravenous drug delivery applications.
  • Carboxyl groups enable conjugation of therapeutic or imaging agents.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To characterize physicochemical and biological properties of functionalized polymethacrylates.
  • To evaluate their potential as drug carriers for intravenous administration.
  • To assess the utility of fluorescein and doxorubicin conjugates.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of star-shaped polymethacrylates with varying carboxyl group content.
  • Conjugation of fluorescein (FA) and doxorubicin (DOX) via amide bond formation.
  • Physicochemical characterization (size, solubility, zeta potential) and cytotoxicity assays (fibroblast and epithelial cell lines).
  • Cellular uptake studies using fluorescence microscopy.

Main Results:

  • Polymers exhibited nanosized dimensions (10-210 nm) depending on medium.
  • Doxorubicin conjugation efficiency (4.0-16.0%) exceeded fluorescein conjugation (1.5-4.5%).
  • FA conjugates were water-soluble, while DOX conjugates were insoluble.
  • Negatively charged polymers showed slight toxicity to normal cells but were non-toxic to cancer cells at tested doses.
  • Internalization and cytoplasmic accumulation of FA conjugates in HCT-116 cells were observed.

Conclusions:

  • Fluorescein-tagged polymers are suitable for in vitro imaging applications.
  • Doxorubicin-tagged polymers show promise as novel polymeric drug carriers for cancer therapy.
  • The study highlights the potential of functionalized polymethacrylates in nanomedicine.