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Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
X-chromosome...

Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.

The Eukaryotic Promoter Region

The Eukaryotic Promoter Region

The eukaryotic promoter region is a segment of DNA located upstream of a gene. It contains an RNA polymerase binding site, a transcription start site, and several cis-regulatory sequences. The proximal promoter region is located in the vicinity of the gene and has cis-regulatory sequences and the core promoter. The core promoter is the binding site for RNA polymerase and is usually located between -35 and +35 nucleotides from the transcription start site. The distal promoter regions are...

The Eukaryotic Promoter Region

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Combinatorial Gene Control

Combinatorial Gene Control

Combinatorial gene control is the synergistic action of several transcriptional factors to regulate the expression of a single gene. The absence of one or more of these factors may lead to a significant difference in the level of gene expression or repression.
The expression of more than 30,000 genes is controlled by approximately 2000-3000 transcription factors. This is possible because a single transcription factor can recognize more than one regulatory sequence. The specificity in gene...

DNA Packaging

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 5, 2026

Immunostaining for DNA Modifications: Computational Analysis of Confocal Images

Immunostaining for DNA Modifications: Computational Analysis of Confocal Images

Published on: September 7, 2017

Combinatorial DNA methylation codes at repetitive elements.

Christophe Papin¹, Abdulkhaleg Ibrahim¹, Stéphanie Le Gras¹

¹Département de Génomique Fonctionnelle et Cancer, Institut de Génétique et Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), UdS, CNRS, INSERM, Equipe labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, 67404 Illkirch Cedex, France.

Genome Research

|March 29, 2017

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study reveals unique DNA methylation patterns in mouse repetitive elements, uncovering how these epigenetic marks control retroelement expression and potentially influence cell differentiation.

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Immunohistochemical Detection of 5-Methylcytosine and 5-Hydroxymethylcytosine in Developing and Postmitotic Mouse Retina

Immunohistochemical Detection of 5-Methylcytosine and 5-Hydroxymethylcytosine in Developing and Postmitotic Mouse Retina

Published on: August 29, 2018

Area of Science:

Epigenetics
Genomics
Molecular Biology

Background:

DNA methylation is a key epigenetic mark with unclear roles in repetitive elements.
Repetitive elements constitute a significant portion of genomes and can impact genome stability and gene expression.

Purpose of the Study:

To perform a genome-wide comparative analysis of DNA methylation and oxidation profiles in mouse repetitive elements.
To investigate the role of Thymine DNA Glycosylase (TDG) in regulating these epigenetic marks.
To explore the functional implications of these patterns in cell differentiation.

Main Methods:

Genome-wide comparative analysis of 5mC, 5hmC, 5fC, and 5caC profiles.
Analysis of repetitive elements in mouse embryonic fibroblasts and stem cells.
Investigation of retroelement expression control and TDG involvement.

Main Results:

Distinct and specific DNA methylation/oxidation patterns were identified in repetitive elements, particularly CA repeats and mouse-specific transposable elements (IAP-LTRs, SINEs, L1Md-LINEs).
DNA methylation was shown to control the expression of these clustered retroelements.
TDG was implicated in the regulation of unique DNA methylation/oxidation signatures and their dynamics.

Conclusions:

Repetitive elements possess unique epigenetic codes involving DNA methylation and oxidation.
These epigenetic modifications regulate retroelement expression and dynamics.
A novel epigenetic code for recently acquired conserved repeats may play a significant role in cell differentiation.