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Related Concept Videos

Cell-matrix's Response to Mechanical Forces01:13

Cell-matrix's Response to Mechanical Forces

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In animal cells, the extracellular matrix allows cells within tissues to withstand external stresses and transmits signals from the outside of the cell to the inside. The extracellular matrix is extensive, and its composition varies between different types of tissues. For example, the reticular fibers and ground substance make up the ECM in loose connective tissue, while collagen and bone minerals make up the ECM of bone tissue. 
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The extracellular matrix or ECM holds cells together to form a tissue and allows the cells within the tissue to communicate. ECM comprises proteins such as fibronectin, collagen, laminin, etc. The most abundant protein in this space is collagen. Collagen fibers are interwoven with carbohydrate-containing protein molecules called proteoglycans. ECM allows cell migration and provides a structural scaffold at cell adhesion that anchors the cell when the extracellular matrix proteins interact with...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 5, 2026

Tracking Morphogenetic Tissue Deformations in the Early Chick Embryo
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Vertex models: from cell mechanics to tissue morphogenesis.

Silvanus Alt1, Poulami Ganguly1, Guillaume Salbreux2

  • 1The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK.

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences
|March 29, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Vertex models simulate tissue mechanics by linking cellular forces to tissue deformation. This review covers various vertex model formulations and their applications in biological morphogenesis, including continuum theories.

Keywords:
epithelial mechanicsmorphogenesissimulationstissue mechanicsvertex models

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Area of Science:

  • Biophysics
  • Developmental Biology
  • Computational Biology

Background:

  • Tissue morphogenesis involves coordinated cell motion and deformation.
  • Vertex models bridge cellular forces to tissue-level mechanics.
  • Understanding tissue dynamics is crucial for developmental biology.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review various vertex model formulations for tissue mechanics.
  • To discuss applications in biological morphogenetic processes.
  • To highlight the development of continuum theories from vertex models.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on vertex models.
  • Discussion of a generic virtual work differential formulation.
  • Analysis of applications in developmental processes.

Main Results:

  • Multiple vertex model formulations exist for 2D and 3D tissues.
  • Vertex models successfully simulate biological morphogenesis.
  • Continuum theories provide coarse-grained descriptions of vertex models.

Conclusions:

  • Vertex models are powerful tools for studying tissue mechanics.
  • Applications span various biological morphogenetic processes.
  • Continuum theories offer a simplified, large-scale view of tissue dynamics.