Vascular control of brain cooling in reindeer

The cold venous effluent returning from the nose of the heat-stressed reindeer may be distributed through angular oculi veins for selective cooling of the brain and through facial veins for general body cooling. In vitro experiments indicate that adrenergic receptors of the angular oculi vein are exclusively of the alpha-adrenergic type, whereas facial veins contain mainly beta-adrenergic receptors. We suggest that the antagonistic adrenergic neuroeffector organization of these veins plays a major role in control of brain cooling. Thus simultaneous sympathetic stimulation results in constriction of angular oculi veins and release of a preexisting stretch-induced tone in facial veins. In this situation cold venous blood is directed via facial veins and used for general body cooling. Reduction of sympathetic activity, on the other hand, results in dilatation of angular oculi veins and constriction of facial veins, due to development of myogenic tone in the latter vessels. In this situation cold venous blood is distributed via angular oculi veins and used for selective cooling of the brain.