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Related Concept Videos

Structural Joints: Cartilaginous Joints01:17

Structural Joints: Cartilaginous Joints

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As the name indicates, at a cartilaginous joint, the adjacent bones are united by cartilage, a tough but flexible type of connective tissue. Unlike synovial joints, these types of joints lack a joint cavity and involve bones joined together by either hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage.
There are two types of cartilaginous joints:
Synchondrosis
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A typical vertebra, with the exception of the sacrum and coccyx, consists of a body, a vertebral arch, and seven different projections termed processes. The anterior portion of the vertebrae, the body, supports about half the body’s weight. The vertebral bodies progressively increase in size and thickness from the cervical region to the lumbar region of the vertebral column. The intervertebral discs present between the bodies of adjacent vertebrae firmly unites them, forming a continuous...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 5, 2026

Optical Sectioning and Visualization of the Intervertebral Disc from Embryonic Development to Degeneration
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Intervertebral Disk Degeneration and Repair.

James Dowdell1, Mark Erwin2, Theodoe Choma3

  • 1Department of Orthopedics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.

Neurosurgery
|March 29, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Intervertebral disk degeneration, a cause of chronic back pain, involves an imbalance favoring matrix breakdown. Animal models and early human trials show promise for biological therapies in treating this condition.

Keywords:
BiologicsDisk degenerationDisk repairGene therapyInjectablesIntervertebral diskSpineStem cellsTissue engineering

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical research
  • Regenerative medicine
  • Orthopedics

Background:

  • Intervertebral disk (IVD) degeneration is a natural aging process linked to chronic back pain.
  • Degenerative disk disease (DDD) results from genetic, mechanical, or exposure factors, leading to extracellular matrix imbalance favoring catabolism.
  • Current understanding relies on in vitro and in vivo models, with animal studies crucial for testing treatments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the mechanisms of IVD degeneration and current therapeutic strategies.
  • To evaluate the potential of biological therapies for DDD treatment.
  • To highlight the importance of understanding degenerative processes for future interventions.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on IVD degeneration mechanisms.
  • Analysis of data from in vitro and animal models of DDD.
  • Examination of outcomes from human trials of various therapeutic modalities.

Main Results:

  • Multiple pathways contribute to DDD, ultimately favoring catabolic processes in the IVD extracellular matrix.
  • Animal models have shown promising results for treatments like protein injections, stem cells, gene therapy, and tissue engineering.
  • Early human trials of these biological therapies indicate positive outcomes.

Conclusions:

  • Biological therapies represent a promising treatment modality for DDD, potentially impacting future low back pain management.
  • Further research into the degenerative process is essential for developing and optimizing DDD treatments.
  • Despite limited data, biological interventions offer hope for managing DDD and associated chronic back pain.