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Probability in Statistics01:14

Probability in Statistics

24.4K
Probability is the likelihood of an event occurring. The term event is defined as a collection of results of a procedure. An event is a simple event when an outcome cannot be divided into simpler parts.
An example of a simple event is a coin toss. The result of a coin toss is either a head or a tail. Here, head and tail are two simple events. These two simple events make up the sample space. Further, the probability of an event occurring falls within the range of 0 to 1. The probability of an...
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Probability Laws01:49

Probability Laws

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Overview
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Probability Histograms01:17

Probability Histograms

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A probability histogram is a visual representation of a probability distribution. Similar a typical histogram, the probability histogram consists of contiguous (adjoining) boxes. It has both a horizontal axis and a vertical axis. The horizontal axis is labeled with what the data represents. The vertical axis is labeled with probability. Each rectangular bar in the histogram is 1 unit wide, which suggests that the area under each bar equals the probability, P(x), where x is 1, 2, 3, and so on.
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Binomial Probability Distribution01:15

Binomial Probability Distribution

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A binomial distribution is a probability distribution for a procedure with a fixed number of trials, where each trial can have only two outcomes.
The outcomes of a binomial experiment fit a binomial probability distribution. A statistical experiment can be classified as a binomial experiment if the following conditions are met:
There are a fixed number of trials. Think of trials as repetitions of an experiment. The letter n denotes the number of trials.
There are only two possible outcomes,...
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Bias01:22

Bias

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Bias refers to any tendency that prevents a question from being considered unprejudiced. In research, bias occurs when one outcome or answer is selected or encouraged over others in sampling or testing. Bias can occur during any research phase, including study design, data collection, analysis, and publication.
In statistics, a sampling bias is created when a sample is collected from a population, and some members of the population are not as likely to be chosen as others (remember, each member...
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Expected Value01:15

Expected Value

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The expected value is known as the "long-term" average or mean. This means that over the long term of experimenting over and over, you would expect this average. The expected average is represented by the symbol μ. It is calculated as follows:
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 5, 2026

Inherent Dynamics Visualizer, an Interactive Application for Evaluating and Visualizing Outputs from a Gene Regulatory Network Inference Pipeline
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Hittability: The Leader's Edge.

Wiley Souba1

  • 1W. Souba is former dean and professor of surgery and medical education, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire.

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|March 29, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Leadership effectiveness hinges on "hittability"—the perception of challenges as solvable. Reframing narratives, not just acquiring knowledge, transforms unsolvable problems into actionable opportunities for leaders.

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Area of Science:

  • Organizational Psychology
  • Leadership Studies

Background:

  • Leadership mastery requires skills and a "hittable" mindset, where challenges are perceived as solvable.
  • The concept of "hittability" in leadership is often overlooked but is crucial for effectiveness.

Discussion:

  • Hittability is determined by framing lenses: a leader's beliefs, values, and worldviews shape their perception of challenges.
  • Future aspirations act as framing lenses, influencing present perceptions and actions.
  • Language and personal narratives are key to accessing and reframing these lenses.

Key Insights:

  • Shifting challenges from "unhittable" to "hittable" is achieved through narrative reframing.
  • This transformation relies on altering perceptions rather than solely on gaining new knowledge.
  • Effective leadership involves cultivating a mindset where challenges are seen as opportunities.

Outlook:

  • Future research should explore narrative reframing techniques for leadership development.
  • Developing leaders' ability to shift their framing lenses can enhance organizational problem-solving.
  • Cultivating a "hittable" mindset is essential for navigating complex leadership landscapes.