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Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
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Hormones, the biochemical messengers produced by endocrine glands, are pivotal in regulating bodily functions and maintaining homeostasis. Each hormone's balance is crucial; imbalances can lead to significant physiological disruptions. Major hormones include oxytocin, cortisol, epinephrine, estrogen, testosterone, thyroxine, growth hormone, insulin, and glucagon.
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Calcitonin, a vital polypeptide hormone, regulates calcium levels within body fluids. It is released by the parafollicular cells, also known as C cells, situated in the follicular epithelium of the thyroid gland. Calcitonin responds to fluctuations in blood calcium levels and the influence of gastrointestinal hormones like gastrin and cholecystokinin.
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Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model
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[What is a normal thyroid function?]

L Chaker1, R P Peeters

  • 1Erasmus MC, afd. Inwendige Geneeskunde, Rotterdam.

Nederlands Tijdschrift Voor Geneeskunde
|March 30, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Current thyroid dysfunction definitions based on TSH levels may be insufficient. Variations within normal thyroid function ranges and subclinical dysfunction are linked to adverse outcomes and symptoms, questioning the adequacy of established normal ranges.

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Thyroidology

Background:

  • Thyroid dysfunction is typically defined by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels outside established normal ranges.
  • This definition overlooks individual patient symptoms and long-term disease risks.
  • Emerging evidence suggests variations within normal thyroid function ranges correlate with adverse clinical outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the adequacy of current definitions of thyroid dysfunction.
  • To explore the clinical significance of thyroid function variations within normal ranges.
  • To investigate the association between subclinical thyroid dysfunction and patient-reported symptoms.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current diagnostic criteria for thyroid dysfunction.
  • Analysis of studies investigating clinical outcomes associated with thyroid function within and outside normal ranges.
  • Comparison of thyroid-related symptoms in subclinical dysfunction versus the general population.

Main Results:

  • Current TSH-based definitions may not fully capture thyroid dysfunction.
  • Thyroid function variations within normal ranges are linked to adverse clinical outcomes.
  • Subclinical thyroid dysfunction is associated with increased thyroid-related symptoms compared to the general population.

Conclusions:

  • Established normal ranges for thyroid function may not be universally "normal" for all patients.
  • A re-evaluation of the definition of thyroid function and dysfunction is warranted.
  • Individualized assessment considering symptoms and risks alongside TSH levels may be necessary.