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Related Concept Videos

Speciation Rates01:07

Speciation Rates

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Overview
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Formation of Species01:31

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Speciation describes the formation of one or more new species from one or sometimes multiple original species. The resulting species are discrete from the parent species, and barriers to reproduction will typically exist. There are two primary mechanisms, speciation with and without geographic isolation—allopatric and sympatric speciation, respectively.
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Hybrid zones are narrow regions where two closely related species interact, mate, and produce hybrids. Relative to either parent species, hybrids may possess distinct phenotypic or genetic differences that impact their survival and reproductive success. The genetic variances introduced by hybridization influence species diversity and speciation processes within the hybrid zone.
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Gene flow is the transfer of genes among populations, resulting from either the dispersal of gametes or from the migration of individuals.
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Natural selection—probably the most well-known evolutionary mechanism—increases the prevalence of traits that enhance survival and reproduction. However, evolution does not merely propagate favorable traits, nor does it always benefit populations.
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A tipping point in parapatric speciation.

Ryo Yamaguchi1, Yoh Iwasa1

  • 1Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.

Journal of Theoretical Biology
|March 30, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Speciation occurs when genetic distance reaches a threshold, even with migration. Gradual increases in genetic incompatibility can unexpectedly accelerate the formation of new species.

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Divergence with gene flowGraduated incompatibilitiesReproductive isolationStochastic process

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Speciation Research
  • Population Genetics

Background:

  • Recent speciation often involves multiple genetic loci influencing reproductive isolation.
  • Geographically isolated populations with limited gene flow provide models for studying speciation.
  • Incompatibility between populations is a key factor in the speciation process.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between genetic distance, incompatibility, and the time to speciation.
  • To analyze how the rate of incompatibility increase affects speciation dynamics.
  • To understand the role of migration and hybridization in the speciation continuum.

Main Methods:

  • Stochastic analysis of speciation models.
  • Mathematical modeling of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) controlling incompatibility.
  • Definition and analysis of incompatibility genetic distance.

Main Results:

  • Speciation time is reduced when migration rates are low or when intermediate genetic distances cause mild incompatibility.
  • A 'tipping point' phenomenon was observed, where genetic distance rapidly increases leading to speciation after prolonged fluctuation.
  • A gradual increase in incompatibility can trigger sudden and rapid speciation events.
  • Speciation is significantly slowed if incompatibility is effective at very low genetic distances (e.g., single locus differences).

Conclusions:

  • The dynamics of incompatibility accumulation are crucial for understanding speciation rates.
  • Gradual changes in genetic incompatibility can lead to abrupt speciation.
  • Findings offer testable predictions for reproductive traits involved in speciation.