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Related Concept Videos

ECG Interpretation of Arrhythmias II: Atrial, Junctional and Ventricular Arrhythmias01:25

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Arrhythmia is a condition characterized by an irregular heart rhythm, with ECG changes that differ based on its origin and nature. The types of arrhythmias discussed below include atrial, junctional, and ventricular arrhythmias.Atrial ArrhythmiasPremature Atrial Complexes (PACs): PACs are early atrial beats caused by stress, caffeine, alcohol, electrolyte imbalances, hypoxia, hyperthyroidism, or certain medications (e.g., bronchodilators and decongestants). The ECG shows early P waves with an...
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The mode is one of the commonly used measures of a central tendency. It is defined as the most frequent value in a data set.
There can be more than one mode in a data set if multiple values have the same highest frequency. For instance, suppose that the Statistics exam scores of 20 students are: 50; 53; 59; 59; 63; 63; 72; 72; 72; 72; 72; 76; 78; 81; 83; 84; 84; 84; 90; 93. Here, the mode is 72, as it occurs most frequently, five times.
A data set with two modes is called bimodal. For example,...
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Mechanism of Cardiac Arrhythmias01:28

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Arrhythmias are irregular heart rhythms occurring when the heart's electrical impulses become abnormal. These disturbances can lead to various symptoms, depending on their severity and the underlying cause. Some common factors contributing to arrhythmias include hypoxia, ischemia, electrolyte imbalances, excessive catecholamine exposure, drug toxicity, and muscle overstretching. Arrhythmias can be classified into two main types based on the rate and site of origin of abnormal heart rhythms.
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Correlation between ECG and Cardiac Cycle01:25

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The electrical signals recorded on an electrocardiogram (ECG) occur before the mechanical processes of contraction and relaxation during the cardiac cycle.
A cardiac action potential originates in the SA node and spreads throughout the atria and the AV node in approximately 0.03 seconds. This results in the P wave in an ECG and triggers atrial contraction. The action potential is then briefly slowed at the AV node, allowing the atria to contract and fill the ventricles with blood before...
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Dysrhythmias III: Characteristics of Dysrhythmias01:29

Dysrhythmias III: Characteristics of Dysrhythmias

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Dysrhythmias, also known as arrhythmias, are irregular heart rhythms that result from abnormal electrical activity in the heart, affecting its ability to circulate blood efficiently. Tachyarrhythmias, a subset of dysrhythmias, are characterized by abnormally fast heart rates exceeding 100 beats per minute. Here are some types of tachyarrhythmias with their distinct ECG features:Sinus Tachycardia:Sinus tachycardia presents a regular heart rhythm with an increased rate of 101-180 beats per...
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Dysrhythmias II: Classification of Tachyarrhythmias01:28

Dysrhythmias II: Classification of Tachyarrhythmias

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Tachyarrhythmias are a type of dysrhythmia where the heart rate exceeds 100 beats per minute. Here are some common types of tachyarrhythmias:Sinus TachycardiaSinus tachycardia originates from increased impulses from the sinus node, leading to an elevated heart rate. It is often triggered by stress, fever, or exercise.Patients may experience palpitations, a sensation of a racing heart, dizziness, and chest discomfort.Causes and Risk Factors: Common causes include physical exertion, emotional...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 5, 2026

Estimating Bilateral Atrial Function by Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Feature Tracking in Patients with Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation
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Predictors of Recurrent Atrial Fibrillation Using Mode Switch Quantification.

Phillip Ruisi1, John N Makaryus2, John N Catanzaro3

  • 1Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA.

Cardiology Research
|March 30, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Diabetes and digitalis use are key predictors of mode switch events in patients with pacemakers and implantable cardioverter defibrillators. These patients may require closer monitoring for atrial fibrillation development.

Keywords:
Atrial fibrillationCardioverter defibrillatorMode switchPermanent pacemaker

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Electrophysiology
  • Medical Device Technology

Background:

  • Mode switching effectively predicts atrial fibrillation (AF).
  • Limited research exists on the incidence and clinical impact of mode switch episodes from device interrogations.
  • This study investigates mode switch recurrence in patients with implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs) and pacemakers.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the incidence of mode switch recurrence in patients with ICDs and permanent pacemakers.
  • To identify clinical predictors associated with single and recurrent mode switch occurrences.

Main Methods:

  • Mode switch defined as any event documented during device interrogation post-implantation.
  • Analysis of clinical predictors including age, gender, hypertension, diabetes, syncope, and AF history.
  • Evaluation of medication use for association with mode switch events.

Main Results:

  • 21 out of 54 patients experienced at least one mode switch event.
  • Median time to first mode switch was 39.3 months.
  • Diabetes (DM) and digitalis use were significantly associated with mode switch episodes (P < 0.04 and P = 0.02, respectively).
  • Diabetic patients were 5 times more likely to experience a mode switch.

Conclusions:

  • History of diabetes and digitalis use are primary factors linked to mode switch occurrences.
  • Patients with diabetes or on digitalis may benefit from closer observation for potential AF development.