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High GC content causes orphan proteins to be intrinsically disordered.

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Newly evolved orphan proteins are not strongly selected for intrinsic disorder. Their properties, like disorder, are better explained by GC content, not age, resolving evolutionary trends in yeast and Drosophila.

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary biology
  • Genomics
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • The de novo creation of protein-coding genes from noncoding regions results in orphan proteins.
  • Fixation of these orphan proteins in a population suggests selective pressure, but the forces involved remain unclear.
  • Contradictory trends in protein disorder (younger proteins being more disordered) observed in Drosophila versus yeast lack a definitive explanation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the selective pressures acting on newly evolved orphan proteins.
  • To explain the divergent trends in protein disorder and age observed across different species.
  • To elucidate the relationship between protein properties, evolutionary age, and genomic features.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of protein structural properties and evolutionary age across 187 eukaryotic organisms.
  • Statistical examination of correlations between protein characteristics, GC content, and age.
  • Comparative analysis of protein properties in species with differing GC content, such as Drosophila and yeast.

Main Results:

  • Protein properties, excluding length, show minimal variation with age across most eukaryotes.
  • GC content significantly influences the observed trends in protein disorder, explaining the differences between yeast and Drosophila.
  • GC content is correlated with amino acid composition that promotes intrinsic disorder.

Conclusions:

  • Intrinsic disorder is not a primary determinant for the fixation of orphan proteins.
  • Orphan protein properties largely resemble those of random proteins, modulated by the organism's GC content.
  • The observed evolutionary trends in protein disorder are reconciled by considering GC content, rather than intrinsic disorder alone, as a key factor.