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Related Concept Videos

Hormones and Bone Tissue01:17

Hormones and Bone Tissue

3.5K
The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
Hormones That Influence Osteoblasts and/or Maintain the Matrix
Several hormones are necessary for controlling bone growth and maintaining the bone matrix. The pituitary gland secretes growth hormone (GH), which, as its name implies, controls bone growth. This happens in several ways: first, it triggers chondrocyte...
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Structures of the Endocrine System00:59

Structures of the Endocrine System

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The intricate framework of the endocrine system encompasses a diverse array of glands, with their target tissues and organs strategically distributed throughout the body. Central to this network are the endocrine glands, specialized structures that lack ducts and release hormones directly into the interstitial fluid. Notably, the hypothalamus, a vital neuroendocrine organ situated in the brain, governs neural functions and serves as a potent source of hormonal regulation. Near the hypothalamus...
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The Pituitary Gland01:17

The Pituitary Gland

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The pituitary is a small endocrine organ in the sphenoid bone under the hypothalamus. Primarily, the pituitary in adults has two distinct anatomical and functional regions— the anterior and posterior lobes. During human fetal development, a third pituitary gland region called the pars intermedia atrophies and disappears. However, some of its cells migrate and exist adjacent to the anterior pituitary in adults.
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The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

7.0K
The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
7.0K
Synthesis and Functions of Calcitonin00:51

Synthesis and Functions of Calcitonin

4.8K
Calcitonin, a vital polypeptide hormone, regulates calcium levels within body fluids. It is released by the parafollicular cells, also known as C cells, situated in the follicular epithelium of the thyroid gland. Calcitonin responds to fluctuations in blood calcium levels and the influence of gastrointestinal hormones like gastrin and cholecystokinin.
The exact mechanisms by which calcitonin operates in calcium homeostasis remain elusive, but its significance is evident in several vital...
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The Parathyroid Glands00:59

The Parathyroid Glands

5.2K
The two pairs of parathyroid glands embedded within the posterior surface of the thyroid gland are restricted by a dense capsule around them. These glands comprise two distinct cell populations—parathyroid oxyphil and parathyroid principal cells- pivotal in calcium homeostasis.
Oxyphil cells, whose functions remain elusive, emerge during late puberty, adding a layer of complexity to the parathyroid gland's intricacies. In contrast, principal parathyroid cells undertake a vital role by...
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Invasion of metastatic human follicular thyroid cancer is inhibited via antagonism of protein kinase C.

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Good blood pressure control on antihypertensives, not only response to spironolactone, predicts improved outcome after adrenalectomy for aldosteronoma.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 5, 2026

Establishment of a Simple and Effective Rat Model for Intraoperative Parathyroid Gland Imaging
07:12

Establishment of a Simple and Effective Rat Model for Intraoperative Parathyroid Gland Imaging

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Localization of parathyroid glands.

K E Levin1, O H Clark

  • 1Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco.

Annual Review of Medicine
|January 1, 1988
PubMed
Summary

Parathyroid localization tests aid primary hyperparathyroidism diagnosis before surgery. These imaging studies are crucial for reoperative cases, guiding the selection of appropriate tests based on patient history and resource availability.

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Nuclear Medicine
  • Radiology

Background:

  • Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) is a common endocrine disorder.
  • Accurate parathyroid localization is critical for successful surgical outcomes.
  • Previous neck surgery can complicate parathyroid gland identification.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the utility of parathyroid localization tests in primary hyperparathyroidism.
  • To guide the selection of appropriate localization modalities for initial and reoperative parathyroid surgery.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature and clinical guidelines.
  • Discussion of various imaging modalities including ultrasound, sestamibi scintigraphy, and SPECT/CT.
  • Consideration of factors influencing test selection.

More Related Videos

Procurement of Parathyroid Glands from Living Donor Pigs and Ex Vivo Identification
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Procurement of Parathyroid Glands from Living Donor Pigs and Ex Vivo Identification

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Identification and Protection of the Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve during Transoral Robotic Thyroidectomy
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Identification and Protection of the Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve during Transoral Robotic Thyroidectomy

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 5, 2026

Establishment of a Simple and Effective Rat Model for Intraoperative Parathyroid Gland Imaging
07:12

Establishment of a Simple and Effective Rat Model for Intraoperative Parathyroid Gland Imaging

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Procurement of Parathyroid Glands from Living Donor Pigs and Ex Vivo Identification
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Procurement of Parathyroid Glands from Living Donor Pigs and Ex Vivo Identification

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Identification and Protection of the Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve during Transoral Robotic Thyroidectomy
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Identification and Protection of the Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve during Transoral Robotic Thyroidectomy

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Main Results:

  • Parathyroid localization tests are beneficial for most PHPT patients pre-operatively.
  • These tests are indispensable for patients with prior parathyroid or thyroid surgery.
  • Test selection is contingent upon whether the procedure is initial or reoperative and available resources.

Conclusions:

  • Preoperative parathyroid localization enhances surgical success rates in PHPT.
  • Tailoring test selection to individual patient factors and procedural history is essential.
  • Optimizing localization strategies improves patient management and minimizes surgical risks.