Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Non-nuclear Inheritance01:29

Non-nuclear Inheritance

20.8K
Most DNA resides in the nucleus of a cell. However, some organelles in the cell cytoplasm⁠—such as chloroplasts and mitochondria⁠—also have their own DNA. These organelles replicate their DNA independently of the nuclear DNA of the cell in which they reside. Non-nuclear inheritance describes the inheritance of genes from structures other than the nucleus.
20.8K
Animal Mitochondrial Genetics02:59

Animal Mitochondrial Genetics

7.8K
Among all the organelles in an animal cell, only mitochondria have their own independent genomes. Animal mitochondrial DNA is a double-stranded, closed-circular molecule with around 20,000 base pairs. Mitochondrial DNA is unique in that one of its two strands, the heavy, or H, -strand is guanine rich, whereas the complementary strand is cytosine rich and called the light, or L, -strand. Compared to nuclear DNA, mitochondrial DNA has a very low percentage of non-coding regions and is marked by...
7.8K
Comparing Mitochondrial, Chloroplast, and Prokaryotic Genomes02:16

Comparing Mitochondrial, Chloroplast, and Prokaryotic Genomes

11.6K
The present-day mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes have retained some of the characteristics of their ancestral prokaryotes and also have acquired new attributes during their evolution within eukaryotic cells. Like prokaryotic genomes, mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes neither bind with histone-like proteins nor show complex packaging into chromosome-like structures, as observed in eukaryotes. Unlike mitotic cell divisions observed in eukaryotic cells, mitochondria and chloroplasts...
11.6K
Export of Mitochondrial and Chloroplast Genes02:19

Export of Mitochondrial and Chloroplast Genes

3.1K
A eukaryotic cell can have up to three different types of genetic systems: nuclear, mitochondrial, and chloroplast. During evolution, organelles have exported many genes to the nucleus; this transfer is still ongoing in some plant species. Approximately 18% of the Arabidopsis thaliana nuclear genome is thought to be derived from the chloroplast’s cyanobacterial ancestor, and around 75% of the yeast genome derived from the mitochondria’s bacterial ancestor. This export has occurred...
3.1K
Mitochondrial Membranes01:45

Mitochondrial Membranes

11.7K
A single mitochondrion is a bean-shaped organelle enclosed by a double-membrane system. The outer membrane of mitochondria is smooth and contains many porins - the integral membrane transporters. Porins enable free diffusion of ions and small uncharged molecules through the outer mitochondrial membrane but limit the transport of molecules larger than 5000 Daltons. Further, the outer mitochondrial membrane forms a unique structure called membrane contact sites with other subcellular organelles,...
11.7K
Background and Environment Affect Phenotype02:27

Background and Environment Affect Phenotype

5.9K
Although the genetic makeup of an organism plays a major role in determining the phenotype, there are also several environmental factors, such as temperature, oxygen availability, presence of mutagens, that can alter an organism’s phenotype.
An example of how genetic background affects phenotype can be seen in horses. The Extension gene in horses is responsible for their coat color. A wild-type gene (EE) produces black pigment in the coat, while a mutant gene (ee) produces red pigment. A...
5.9K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Adaptations to intertidal life: Divergence of energy metabolism enzyme pathways in marine polychaetes.

Advances in physiology education·2026
Same author

Plasticity of hepatic metabolism in Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus) in response to cyclic hypoxia.

Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part D, Genomics & proteomics·2026
Same author

Reply to Lemieux et al.: Integration does not preclude essentiality of mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2026
Same author

Atypical diarrhea in an immunocompetent infant.

Gut·2026
Same author

Sulfur-Doped High-Entropy Spinel Oxide (FeCoNiCuCrAlZn)<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> Electrocatalyst for Seawater Electrolysis.

ChemSusChem·2026
Same author

Seasonal shifts in mitochondrial and reactive oxygen species metabolism are linked to ultrastructural remodelling in honey bees (Apis mellifera).

The Journal of physiology·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 6, 2026

Preparation of Mitochondrial Enriched Fractions for Metabolic Analysis in Drosophila
08:22

Preparation of Mitochondrial Enriched Fractions for Metabolic Analysis in Drosophila

Published on: September 30, 2015

8.8K

Evolved genetic and phenotypic differences due to mitochondrial-nuclear interactions.

Tara Z Baris1, Dominique N Wagner1, David I Dayan1

  • 1Marine Biology and Ecology, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Miami, Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL, United States of America.

Plos Genetics
|April 1, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Mito-nuclear interactions significantly impact oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos) function within natural populations. These interactions, involving nuclear and mitochondrial genomes, influence allele frequencies and explain individual OxPhos variation, suggesting upstream regulatory roles.

More Related Videos

An In Vitro Approach to Study Mitochondrial Dysfunction: A Cybrid Model
06:05

An In Vitro Approach to Study Mitochondrial Dysfunction: A Cybrid Model

Published on: March 9, 2022

3.8K
Genotyping Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in the Mitochondrial Genome by Pyrosequencing
07:24

Genotyping Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in the Mitochondrial Genome by Pyrosequencing

Published on: February 10, 2023

2.0K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 6, 2026

Preparation of Mitochondrial Enriched Fractions for Metabolic Analysis in Drosophila
08:22

Preparation of Mitochondrial Enriched Fractions for Metabolic Analysis in Drosophila

Published on: September 30, 2015

8.8K
An In Vitro Approach to Study Mitochondrial Dysfunction: A Cybrid Model
06:05

An In Vitro Approach to Study Mitochondrial Dysfunction: A Cybrid Model

Published on: March 9, 2022

3.8K
Genotyping Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in the Mitochondrial Genome by Pyrosequencing
07:24

Genotyping Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in the Mitochondrial Genome by Pyrosequencing

Published on: February 10, 2023

2.0K

Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos) is crucial for ATP production, involving both nuclear and mitochondrial genomes.
  • Interactions between these genomes are vital for fitness and health, but their impact within single natural populations is less understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if mito-nuclear interactions alter nuclear single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) allele frequencies within a natural population.
  • To determine the impact of these interactions on oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos) function.

Main Methods:

  • Analyzed ~11,000 nuclear SNPs in Fundulus heteroclitus with two divergent mitochondrial haplotypes (mt-haplotypes).
  • Examined nuclear allele frequency differences associated with each mt-haplotype.
  • Used mixed ancestry and mt-haplotype as factors to explain OxPhos variation.

Main Results:

  • Identified 349 nuclear SNPs with significant allele frequency differences between mt-haplotypes.
  • These outlier SNPs clustered by mt-haplotype, with some individuals showing mixed ancestry.
  • Mito-nuclear interactions explained a significant portion of individual OxPhos variation.

Conclusions:

  • Mito-nuclear interactions influence cardiac OxPhos function in natural populations.
  • Outlier SNPs regulate metabolic processes upstream of direct OxPhos proteins, suggesting a role in the evolution of OxPhos regulation.