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Related Concept Videos

Pulmonary Tuberculosis I01:29

Pulmonary Tuberculosis I

Tuberculosis, often called TB, is a contagious illness primarily caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It mainly affects the lung parenchyma but can also impact other body parts.
Causative Organism
The primary infectious agent causing tuberculosis is Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a slow-growing, acid-fast, aerobic rod that exhibits sensitivity to heat and ultraviolet light. Instances of Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium avium contributing to the development of TB infection are rare.
Mode of...
Pulmonary Tuberculosis II01:28

Pulmonary Tuberculosis II

Tuberculosis, or TB, is a bacterial infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. While its primary impact is on the lungs, leading to pulmonary tuberculosis, it can also affect various other organs, a condition referred to as extrapulmonary tuberculosis.
Here is a detailed explanation of its pathophysiology:
Transmission: The process begins when a person inhales droplet nuclei containing M. tuberculosis. These are typically released into the air when an individual with pulmonary or...
Pulmonary Tuberculosis III01:31

Pulmonary Tuberculosis III

Tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious infection primarily affecting the lung parenchyma but which can also affect other body parts. TB can be classified based on disease development, presentation, and the affected anatomical site.
The first classification is based on the development of the disease, and it includes the following categories:
Pulmonary Tuberculosis IV01:26

Pulmonary Tuberculosis IV

Tuberculosis, more commonly referred to as TB, is an infectious disease stemming from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. While it primarily impacts the lungs, TB can also affect other body areas. Given its severity and global impact, timely and accurate diagnosis is crucial for controlling its spread and improving patient outcomes.
Several diagnostic approaches are used to detect TB. The conventional method is the Tuberculin Skin Test (TST), also known as the Mantoux test. However, this method has...
Pulmonary Tuberculosis V01:28

Pulmonary Tuberculosis V

Medical management of tuberculosis (TB) patients involves a comprehensive approach that includes diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring. The specific strategies can vary depending on the type of tuberculosis (latent or active), the patient's overall health status, and other considerations.
Latent tuberculosis infection occurs when TB bacteria are present in a person's body, but are not causing illness or symptoms. It is not contagious, and preventive treatment is crucial to avoid the progression...
Cryptococcal Meningitis01:27

Cryptococcal Meningitis

Cryptococcal meningitis is a life-threatening opportunistic infection predominantly associated with HIV/AIDS, accounting for over 100,000 deaths annually worldwide. However, it also affects individuals with other forms of immunosuppression, including those undergoing immunosuppressive therapy, organ transplant recipients, patients with innate immunodeficiencies, and individuals with hematological disorders. The infection is caused mainly by Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii,...

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Sequencing of Bacterial Microflora in Peripheral Blood: our Experience with HIV-infected Patients
13:50

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Published on: June 11, 2011

Hemostatic Changes Associated With Increased Mortality Rates in Hospitalized Patients With HIV-Associated

Saskia Janssen1,2,3, Charlotte Schutz1,4, Amy M Ward1,4

  • 1Clinical Infectious Diseases Research Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of cape Town.

The Journal of Infectious Diseases
|April 1, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Patients with severe HIV-tuberculosis exhibit a hypercoagulable state and endothelial activation, linked to increased mortality. These hemostatic changes, not mycobacteremia, significantly impact survival time in this vulnerable population.

Keywords:
HIVcoagulationendotheliummortalitytuberculosis

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Area of Science:

  • Hematology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Critical Care Medicine

Background:

  • High mortality rates persist for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated tuberculosis.
  • Mechanisms contributing to mortality in HIV-tuberculosis remain poorly understood.
  • Investigating hemostatic changes and their association with outcomes is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine if hemostatic changes in HIV-tuberculosis are associated with mortality or reduced survival.
  • To assess the contribution of mycobacteremia to these hemostatic effects.
  • To identify biomarkers predictive of mortality in HIV-tuberculosis patients.

Main Methods:

  • Prospective study of hospitalized HIV-infected patients with tuberculosis in South Africa.
  • Measurement of plasma biomarkers for coagulation, fibrinolysis, endothelial activation, and tissue damage.
  • Cox proportional hazard models used to analyze 12-week mortality rates.

Main Results:

  • A significant proportion of patients (27%) died within 12 weeks.
  • Disseminated intravascular coagulation was prevalent in patients not receiving anticoagulants.
  • Decreased survival correlated with elevated markers of fibrinolysis, endothelial activation, and tissue damage, and reduced anticoagulation markers.
  • Mycobacteremia had a minor impact on hemostasis and mortality.

Conclusions:

  • Severe HIV-tuberculosis is characterized by a hypercoagulable state and endothelial activation.
  • These hemostatic and endothelial changes are significantly associated with mortality.
  • Targeting these pathways may offer therapeutic strategies to improve survival.