[Management of adverse effects of opioid therapy]

More than 6 million people in Germany suffer from chronic pain which greatly impairs their wellbeing. Often the only therapeutic option is to use class 2 or 3 analgesic opioids in the WHO classification, as class 1 analgesics may be toxic or of limited efficacy. However, the high incidence of opioid side effects leads to high discontinuation rates. Thus, the success of opioid treatment is also highly dependent on the management of the safety and tolerability of the treatment. Most opioid side effects, such as nausea and sedation, predominantly occur in the initial phase of therapy. In contrast, opioid-induced constipation can last throughout opioid therapy. First-line treatment with laxatives does not solve the problem in all patients. Possible second-line therapies include opioid receptor antagonists, such as Naloxone, oral-administered Naloxegol, or subcutaneously given Methylnaltrexone. The discussion also covers the management of other common side effects of opioids, such as nausea, vomiting, sedation, pruritus, micturition disorder, and further symptoms.