The lipopolysaccharide lipid A structure from the marine sponge-associated bacterium Pseudoalteromonas sp. 2A

Suberites domuncula is a marine demosponge harbouring a large bacterioflora, including commensal, opportunistic and pathogenic bacteria, among which, species of the Gram-negative genus Pseudoalteromonas were identified. The sponge-bacteria interaction mechanisms are still not fully understood. As the main component of the Gram-negative bacterial outer membrane, the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) may play a role in such a crucial relationship. Moreover, the LPS is known to be the most versatile bioactive macromolecule of Gram-negative bacteria and its lipid A structure is responsible for the immunological activity of the whole LPS on eukaryotic host cells. Here it is reported the structural characterisation of the LPS lipid A moiety isolated from the S. domuncula-associated commensal bacterium, Pseudoalteromonas sp. 2A. Chemical and MALDI mass spectrometry analyses, performed on both the LPS and the isolated lipid A as well as on the intact bacterial cells, highlighted a complex family of penta-acylated lipid A species carrying two phosphate units on the disaccharide backbone.