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Related Concept Videos

Membrane Fluidity01:23

Membrane Fluidity

Cell membranes are composed of phospholipids, proteins, and carbohydrates loosely attached to one another through chemical interactions. Molecules are generally able to move about in the plane of the membrane, giving the membrane its flexible nature called fluidity. Two other features of the membrane contribute to membrane fluidity: the chemical structure of the phospholipids and the presence of cholesterol in the membrane.Fatty acids tails of phospholipids can be either saturated or...
Membrane Fluidity01:26

Membrane Fluidity

Membrane fluidity is explained by the fluid mosaic model of the cell membrane, which describes the plasma membrane structure as a mosaic of components—including phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins, and carbohydrates—that gives the membrane a fluid character.
Mosaic nature of the membrane
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Biological membranes show uneven distribution of different types of lipids in the inner and outer layers, resulting in transverse asymmetric membranes. The treatment of the erythrocyte membrane with the enzyme phospholipase confirmed the asymmetric nature of the lipid bilayer. The enzyme hydrolyzes lipids into fatty acids and hydrophilic groups. The phospholipase acts only on the outer layer of the membrane, while the inner layer remains intact. The phospholipase treatment resulted in 80%...
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Mechanisms of Membrane-bending

The living membranes are flexible due to their fluid mosaic nature; however, their bending into different shapes is an active process regulated by specific lipids and proteins. The membrane bending can be transient as seen in vesicles or stable for a long time as in microvilli. Cells regulate the size, location, and duration of the membrane curvature.
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Microtubules are hollow cylindrical filaments having a diameter of approximately 25 nm and a length that varies from 200 nm to 25 μm. GTP-bound tubulin subunits form αβ-heterodimers for microtubule assembly. These core building blocks interact longitudinally, polymerizing into protofilaments. The protofilaments then interact with one another through lateral bonding forces to form stable cylindrical microtubules. These cylindrical filaments are dynamic as they undergo repeated assembly and...
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Various dissolution theories provide insight into the factors that influence the dissolution rate. Danckwerts' Model suggests that turbulence, rather than a stagnant layer, characterizes the dissolution medium at the solid-liquid interface. In this model, the agitated solvent contains macroscopic packets that move to the interface via eddy currents, facilitating the absorption and delivery of the drug to the bulk solution. The regular replenishment of solvent packets maintains the concentration...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 30, 2026

Single Molecule Methods for Monitoring Changes in Bilayer Elastic Properties
12:20

Single Molecule Methods for Monitoring Changes in Bilayer Elastic Properties

Published on: November 3, 2008

Wrinkling instabilities in soft bilayered systems.

Silvia Budday1, Sebastian Andres1, Bastian Walter1

  • 1Department of Applied Mechanics, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.

Philosophical Transactions. Series A, Mathematical, Physical, and Engineering Sciences
|April 5, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study investigates wrinkling instabilities in elastomeric bilayers, revealing that period-doubling is a common secondary pattern. Controlling film thickness and substrate prestretch can tune these surface patterns for smart material applications.

Keywords:
bifurcationinstabilityperiod-doublingperiod-triplingthin film

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Mechanics of Materials
  • Surface Physics

Background:

  • Wrinkling phenomena are crucial for surface morphology in technical and biological systems.
  • Primary wrinkling is well-understood, but higher-order instabilities, especially at low stiffness contrasts, require further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To experimentally characterize primary and secondary wrinkling in elastomeric bilayers at moderate stiffness contrasts.
  • To explore how film thickness and substrate prestretch influence secondary instabilities like period-doubling and period-tripling.
  • To understand the transition from wrinkles to folds.

Main Methods:

  • Experimental characterization of elastomeric bilayers with varying film thickness and substrate prestretch.
  • Analytical modeling to predict wrinkling onset and post-buckling behavior.
  • Computational simulations to analyze secondary bifurcations and wrinkle-to-fold transitions.

Main Results:

  • Period-doubling was identified as the predominant secondary instability mode.
  • Period-tripling can occur under disturbed boundary conditions.
  • High substrate prestretch suppresses period-doubling, leading to immediate wrinkle-to-fold transitions.

Conclusions:

  • The study provides insights into pattern selection mechanisms and critical control parameters for wrinkling.
  • Findings can guide the fabrication of smart surfaces with tunable properties.
  • Understanding wrinkling instabilities is relevant for controlling undesired patterns, such as in asthmatic airways.