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Environmental Issues in Thyroid Diseases.

Silvia Martina Ferrari1, Poupak Fallahi1, Alessandro Antonelli1

  • 1Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa , Pisa , Italy.

Frontiers in Endocrinology
|April 5, 2017
PubMed
Summary
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Environmental factors significantly impact autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITD) in susceptible individuals. Understanding these triggers, from diet to infections, is crucial for prevention and management.

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Environmental Health
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITD) develop in genetically susceptible individuals influenced by environmental exposures.
  • Key environmental factors implicated include iodine and selenium intake, vitamin D levels, radiation, and infections.
  • Chemical contaminants and certain medications also play a role in thyroid dysfunction.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the diverse environmental factors contributing to the pathogenesis of autoimmune thyroid diseases.
  • To highlight the mechanisms by which environmental agents disrupt thyroid function and immunity.
  • To emphasize the importance of understanding these associations for risk reduction strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on environmental triggers of AITD.
Keywords:
antithyroid antibodiesautoimmune thyroid diseasesenvironmental influencesgenetic influencesthyroid cancer

Related Experiment Videos

  • Analysis of epidemiological data linking exposures to thyroid autoimmunity.
  • Examination of molecular mechanisms of environmental agents on thyroid physiology.

    • Main Results:

    • Increased iodine intake, selenium and vitamin D deficiency, and radiation exposure are linked to higher AITD risk.
    • Cigarette smoking shows a complex association, increasing risk for Graves' disease but decreasing it for hypothyroidism.
    • Viral infections (e.g., parvovirus B19, hepatitis C), chemical pollutants (e.g., PCBs, pesticides), and drugs (e.g., interferon) are implicated.
    • Intestinal dysbiosis is identified as a contributing factor to autoimmune thyroiditis.

    Conclusions:

    • Environmental factors are critical determinants in the development of AITD.
    • A comprehensive understanding of these environmental associations is necessary for effective population and individual risk reduction.
    • Further research into the interplay between genetics and environmental exposures is warranted.