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Neutrophil Extracellular Traps and Microcrystals
1College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
Journal of Immunology Research
|April 5, 2017
Summary
Microcrystals trigger neutrophils to release NETs, a key innate immune response for trapping microbes. This review details how various microcrystals, like those causing gout and silicosis, induce this defense mechanism.
Area of Science:
- Immunology
- Innate Immunity
- Cellular Biology
Background:
- Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are crucial for trapping extracellular microbes during infection.
- Neutrophil activation and NET formation are key components of the innate immune system.
- Microcrystals, insoluble particles (1-100 micrometers), are known to elicit inflammatory responses by irritating phagocytes.
Purpose of the Study:
- To provide the first comprehensive review of microcrystal-induced NET formation.
- To explore the diverse compositions and shapes of microcrystals that stimulate NET release.
- To summarize current understanding of neutrophil activation by microcrystals.
Main Methods:
- Literature review of studies investigating microcrystal-PMN interactions.
- Analysis of mechanisms underlying NET induction by various microcrystal types.
- Discussion of specific microcrystals including monosodium urate, calcium pyrophosphate dehydrate, cholesterol, silica, and alum crystals.
Main Results:
- Microcrystals, despite varying compositions and shapes, consistently activate neutrophils.
- Neutrophil activation by microcrystals leads to the release of NETs, trapping microbes.
- Specific examples discussed include gout crystals (MSU), pseudogout crystals (CPPD), cholesterol crystals, silica crystals, and alum crystals.
Conclusions:
- Microcrystals are potent inducers of NET formation, representing a significant pathway in innate immunity.
- Understanding microcrystal-NET interactions is vital for comprehending inflammatory diseases and host defense.
- This review consolidates knowledge on diverse microcrystals triggering NETs, highlighting a common immune response pathway.