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Microcracking in Concrete01:20

Microcracking in Concrete

Microcracking in concrete refers to the tiny cracks that can form within the material even before any external load is applied. These microcracks typically occur at the interface between the coarse aggregate and the hydrated cement paste, often as a result of differential volume changes prompted by variations in stress-strain behavior, as well as thermal and moisture movement. Initially, these microcracks remain stable and do not grow substantially until the concrete is stressed to about 30...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 7, 2026

Dependence of Laser-induced Breakdown Spectroscopy Results on Pulse Energies and Timing Parameters Using Soil Simulants
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Micro-Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (Micro-LIBS) Study on Ancient Roman Mortars.

Stefano Pagnotta1, Marco Lezzerini2, Laura Ripoll-Seguer3

  • 11 Applied and Laser Spectroscopy Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry of Organometallic Compounds, Research Area of National Research Council, Pisa, Italy.

Applied Spectroscopy
|April 5, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) rapidly analyzed ancient Roman mortar composition. This technique mapped elements and determined binder/aggregate makeup without sample prep, offering fast, interpretable results.

Keywords:
LIBSLaser-induced breakdown spectroscopyaggregateartificial neural networksbinderblind separation techniquesmortarsself-organizing maps

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Archaeometry

Background:

  • Ancient Roman mortars provide insights into historical construction techniques.
  • Accurate elemental analysis is crucial for understanding material composition and degradation.
  • Traditional methods for mortar analysis can be time-consuming and require sample preparation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the elemental composition of an ancient Roman mortar using Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS).
  • To develop and apply rapid analytical methods for determining the binder and aggregate composition.
  • To evaluate statistical approaches for interpreting complex LIBS data.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a specialized experimental setup for LIBS analysis.
  • Acquired 4000 LIBS spectra from a 10 mm² area with 50 µm lateral resolution.
  • Applied false color imaging, blind separation, and self-organizing maps for data interpretation.

Main Results:

  • Successfully detected and mapped key elements (H, C, O, Na, Mg, Al, Si, K, Ca, Ti, Mn, Fe) in the mortar.
  • Compositional images were generated and interpreted using statistical methods.
  • Self-organizing maps provided well-interpretable results rapidly without data dimensionality reduction.

Conclusions:

  • LIBS is an effective, rapid technique for analyzing ancient mortar composition without sample treatment.
  • Statistical analysis, particularly self-organizing maps, enhances the interpretation of LIBS data for archaeological materials.
  • The study demonstrates a novel approach for detailed material characterization in cultural heritage research.