[Retinal Vein Occlusion - Which Treatment When?]

According to the latest findings, macular oedema due to retinal vein occlusion is best treated safely and effectively with near-term intravitreal anti-VEGF therapy (aflibercept, bevacizumab [off label], ranibizumab). After an initial upload of 3 monthly injections of anti-VEGF, the decision on re-injection should be based on OCT (rather than on visual acuity). After initial monthly injections, the "pro-re-nata" (PRN) and the "treat-and-extend" regimens have been predominantly used in the further course of therapy. Taking into account the side effect spectrum (in particular cataract progression, increased intraocular pressure), intravitreal therapy with a dexamethasone implant may be a reasonable alternative. The prognosis for visual acuity and the decline in macular oedema depend on starting treatment early and continuing it consistently. Before starting treatment, as well as during treatment, fluorescein angiography is necessary to detect ischemic retinal areas. There is evidence that early targeted laser coagulation of ischemic retina may reduce the frequency of necessary injections and improve the response of the oedema to therapy. Significant retinal ischemia may lead to proliferations, rubeosis iridis and secondary glaucoma and therefore requires laser treatment.