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Intervention strategies for cesarean section-induced alterations in the microbiota-gut-brain axis
Angela Moya-Pérez1, Pauline Luczynski1, Ingrid B Renes1
1A. Moya-Pérez, P. Luczynski, Y. Borre, C.A. Ryan, C. Stanton, T.G. Dinan, and J.F. Cryan are with the APC Microbiome Institute; C.A. Ryan is with the Department of Paediatrics and Child Health; T.G. Dinan is with the Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science; and J.F. Cryan is with the Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience; University College Cork, Cork, Ireland. I.B. Renes and J. Knol are with Nutricia Research, Utrecht, the Netherlands. S. Wang is with Nutricia Research, Singapore. J. Knol is with the Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands. C. Stanton is with the Teagasc Moorepark Food Research Centre, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland.
Abstract:
Microbial colonization of the gastrointestinal tract is an essential process that modulates host physiology and immunity. Recently, researchers have begun to understand how and when these microorganisms colonize the gut and the early-life factors that impact their natural ecological establishment. The vertical transmission of maternal microbes to the offspring is a critical factor for host immune and metabolic development. Increasing evidence also points to a role in the wiring of the gut-brain axis. This process may be altered by various factors such as mode of delivery, gestational age at birth, the use of antibiotics in early life, infant feeding, and hygiene practices. In fact, these early exposures that impact the intestinal microbiota have been associated with the development of diseases such as obesity, type 1 diabetes, asthma, allergies, and even neurodevelopmental disorders. The present review summarizes the impact of cesarean birth on the gut microbiome and the health status of the developing infant and discusses possible preventative and restorative strategies to compensate for early-life microbial perturbations.