Preparation, characterization, and dye removal study of activated carbon prepared from palm kernel shell

Palm oil mill wastes (palm kernel shell (PKS)) were used to prepare activated carbons, which were tested in the removal of colorants from water. The adsorbents were prepared by 1-h impregnation of PKS with ZnCl₂ as the activating agent (PKS:ZnCl₂ mass ratios of 1:1 and 2:1), followed by carbonization in autogenous atmosphere at 500 and 550 °C during 1 h. The characterization of the activated carbons included textural properties (porosity), surface chemistry (functional groups), and surface morphology. The dye removal performance of the different activated carbons was investigated by means of the uptake of methylene blue (MB) in solutions with various initial concentrations (25-400 mg/L of MB) at 30 °C, using a 0.05-g carbon/50-mL solution relationship. The sample prepared with 1:1 PKS:ZnCl₂ and carbonized at 550 °C showed the highest MB adsorption capacity (maximum uptake at the equilibrium, q _max = 225.3 mg MB / g adsorbent), resulting from its elevated specific surface area (BET, 1058 m²/g) and microporosity (micropore surface area, 721 m²/g). The kinetic experiments showed that removals over 90% of the equilibrium adsorptions were achieved after 4-h contact time in all the cases. The study showed that palm oil mill waste biomass could be used in the preparation of adsorbents efficient in the removal of colorants in wastewaters.