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The Thyroid Gland

The Thyroid Gland

The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 22, 2026

Transoral Robotic Total Thyroidectomy and Bilateral Central Regional Lymph Node Dissection for Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma

Transoral Robotic Total Thyroidectomy and Bilateral Central Regional Lymph Node Dissection for Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma

Published on: September 15, 2023

Quality of life after thyroid surgery.

S Dogan¹, N A Sahbaz², N Aksakal¹

¹Department of General Surgery, Istanbul Medical Faculty, University of Istanbul, Istanbul, Turkey.

Journal of Endocrinological Investigation

|April 12, 2017

Summary

Quality of life improves after thyroid surgery, with significant gains noted in the late post-operative period. This study assessed patient well-being using the WHOQOL-BREF scale.

Keywords:

Anxiety Quality of life Surgery Total thyroidectomy

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Transoral Robotic Total Thyroidectomy and Bilateral Central Regional Lymph Node Dissection for Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma

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Mixed Reality Assisted Radical Endoscopic Thyroidectomy

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Published on: January 31, 2025

Area of Science:

Endocrinology
Surgical Outcomes
Quality of Life Research

Background:

Thyroid surgery impacts patient quality of life.
Understanding post-operative recovery is crucial for patient care.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the impact of thyroid surgery on patients' quality of life.
To identify factors influencing quality of life post-thyroidectomy.

Main Methods:

A cohort of 101 patients completed the World Health Organization Quality of Life Scale (WHOQOL-BREF) and a semi-structured questionnaire pre-operatively.
Data collection occurred in early and late post-operative periods to track changes in quality of life.

Main Results:

Pre-operative quality of life scores were generally lower than those in the early and late post-operative periods across all domains (general health, physical, psychological, social, environmental).
The mean general health score improved from 6.72 pre-operatively to 7.05 (early) and 7.43 (late) post-operatively.
Statistically significant improvements were observed in the late post-operative stage, particularly in physical and environmental domains.

Conclusions:

Total thyroidectomy leads to an overall increase in patient quality of life.
A statistically significant enhancement in quality of life is evident in the late post-operative phase, suggesting sustained recovery benefits.