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ADAR1 and MicroRNA; A Hidden Crosstalk in Cancer
Charles J Cho1, Seung-Jae Myung2, Suhwan Chang3
1Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Korea. formidable1981@gmail.com.
Abstract:
The evolution of cancer cells is believed to be dependent on genetic or epigenetic alterations. However, this concept has recently been challenged by another mode of nucleotide alteration, RNA editing, which is frequently up-regulated in cancer. RNA editing is a biochemical process in which either Adenosine or Cytosine is deaminated by a group of RNA editing enzymes including ADAR (Adenosine deaminase; RNA specific) or APOBEC3B (Apolipoprotein B mRNA Editing Enzyme Catalytic Subunit 3B). The result of RNA editing is usually adenosine to inosine (A-to-I) or cytidine to uridine (C-to-U) transition, which can affect protein coding, RNA stability, splicing and microRNA-target interactions. The functional impact of these alterations is largely unclear and is a subject of extensive research. In the present review, we will specifically focus on the influence of ADARs on carcinogenesis via the regulation of microRNA processing and functioning. This follows a brief review of the current knowledge of properties of ADAR enzyme, RNA editing, and microRNA processing.
Insights
RNA editing, a process altering nucleotide sequences, is increasingly recognized in cancer evolution. This review explores how Adenosine deaminase acting on RNA (ADAR) enzymes influence cancer development by regulating microRNAs.
Area of Science:
- Biochemistry
- Molecular Biology
- Cancer Research
Background:
- Cancer evolution is traditionally linked to genetic/epigenetic changes.
- RNA editing, a novel nucleotide alteration, is upregulated in cancer.
- Adenosine deaminase acting on RNA (ADAR) and APOBEC3B are key RNA editing enzymes.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review the properties of ADAR enzymes, RNA editing, and microRNA processing.
- To focus on the influence of ADARs on carcinogenesis.
- To elucidate ADARs' role in regulating microRNA processing and function.
Main Methods:
- Literature review of ADAR enzymes.
- Analysis of RNA editing mechanisms (A-to-I, C-to-U).
- Examination of microRNA processing and target interactions.
Main Results:
- RNA editing can alter protein coding, RNA stability, splicing, and microRNA interactions.
- The functional consequences of RNA editing are under active investigation.
- ADARs play a significant role in microRNA regulation within carcinogenesis.
Conclusions:
- RNA editing, particularly by ADARs, represents a critical factor in cancer evolution.
- ADAR-mediated microRNA regulation is a key mechanism influencing carcinogenesis.
- Further research is needed to fully understand the functional impact of RNA editing in cancer.