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Related Concept Videos

Cell-mediated Immune Responses01:40

Cell-mediated Immune Responses

Overview
T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response01:27

Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response

Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
Immunological surveillance is the ability of immune cells to monitor and eliminate infected cells with intracellular pathogens, neoplastically transformed cells, and cells with non-self antigens. Cytotoxic T cells and NK...
B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...
T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response01:23

Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response

The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 15, 2026

Use of Single Chain MHC Technology to Investigate Co-agonism in Human CD8+ T Cell Activation
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Use of Single Chain MHC Technology to Investigate Co-agonism in Human CD8+ T Cell Activation

Published on: February 28, 2019

A Novel miR-24-TCF1 Axis in Modulating Effector T Cell Responses.

Sunglim Cho1, Cheng-Jang Wu1, Duc T Nguyen1

  • 1Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093.

Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)
|April 14, 2017
PubMed
Summary

MicroRNA-24 (miR-24) promotes T cell immunity by targeting TCF1, enhancing Th1 and Th17 responses. This study reveals a novel miR-24-TCF1 pathway regulating T cell cytokine production and immune responses.

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Last Updated: Jun 15, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Microbiology

Background:

  • MicroRNA-23∼27∼24 cluster regulates T helper cell differentiation and function.
  • miR-24 uniquely promotes T helper 1 (Th1) and T helper 17 (Th17) responses, unlike its family members.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the mechanism by which miR-24 drives Th1 and Th17 responses.
  • To investigate the role of TCF1 in miR-24-mediated immune regulation.

Main Methods:

  • T cell differentiation assays.
  • Analysis of cytokine production (IFN-γ, IL-17, IL-4).
  • TCF1 and GATA3 expression analysis in T cells with varying miR-24 and TCF1 levels.

Main Results:

  • miR-24 enhances IFN-γ and IL-17 production in T cells, partly via targeting the transcription factor TCF1.
  • Enforced TCF1 expression in miR-24-overexpressing T cells suppressed IL-4 and GATA3, indicating miR-24's Th2 inhibition is independent of TCF1 repression.
  • A novel miR-24-TCF1 pathway controlling effector cytokine production was identified.

Conclusions:

  • miR-24 plays a significant role in regulating T cell effector cytokine production.
  • The miR-24-TCF1 pathway represents a novel mechanism in immune response modulation.
  • miR-24 may act as a key upstream regulator of TCF1-mediated immune responses.