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Myeloid sarcoma causing airway obstruction.

Aaron R Belknap¹, John R Krause¹

¹Department of Pathology (Belknap) and Division of Hematopathology (Krause), Baylor University Medical Center at Dallas and the Charles A. Sammons Cancer Center, Dallas, Texas.

Proceedings (Baylor University. Medical Center)

|April 14, 2017

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Myeloid sarcoma, a rare extramedullary tumor, can present as airway obstruction. This case highlights its potential to mimic lymphoma, emphasizing the need for accurate diagnosis in myeloid malignancies.

Area of Science:

Hematology
Oncology
Pathology

Background:

Myeloid sarcoma is defined as an extramedullary tumor composed of myeloid blasts.
It can occur independently or in conjunction with acute myeloid leukemia (AML).
Common sites include skin, lymph nodes, GI tract, bone, soft tissue, and testes.

Observation:

A case is presented of an 84-year-old male with no prior malignancy history.
The patient presented with acute airway obstruction.
Imaging revealed a mediastinal mass compressing the trachea.

Findings:

The patient was diagnosed with myeloid sarcoma of the mediastinum.
This diagnosis was confirmed through histopathological examination.
The tumor's location caused significant tracheal compression.

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Implications:

Myeloid sarcoma requires differentiation from malignant lymphoma to avoid diagnostic and therapeutic delays.
This case underscores the importance of considering myeloid sarcoma in the differential diagnosis of extramedullary tumors, especially those causing airway compromise.
Early and accurate diagnosis is crucial for appropriate management of myeloid sarcoma and potential underlying acute myeloid leukemia.