A rotating cerium anode X-ray system allows visualization of intramural coronary vessels after cardiac stem cell...

Conventional angiography is insufficient for evaluating the therapeutic effect of cardiac regeneration therapy. A microangiographic X-ray system using a cerium anode was developed. Cerium has a characteristic X-ray with a peak at 34.6 keV, which allows visualization of tiny amounts of iodine. The performance of the cerium anode X-ray system was evaluated in two excised normal canine hearts and in excised ischemic canine hearts treated with c-kit-positive cardiac stem cells (5 canines) or without cells (5 control canines). In the normal canines, branches penetrating from the left anterior descending artery into the myocardium were visualized, down to third-order branches. In just the treated hearts treated with stem cells, small vessels characterized by irregular vessel walls were observed. The cerium anode X-ray system allowed visualization of microvessels in excised ischemic canine hearts, and may evaluate the effect of cardiac stem cell therapy.