Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Cardiomyopathy III: Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy01:29

Cardiomyopathy III: Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

148
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, or HCM, is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder characterized by asymmetric left ventricular hypertrophy without ventricular dilation. It is more common in men and is typically diagnosed in young, athletic adults.EtiologyHCM is primarily genetic and is caused by mutations in genes encoding sarcomeric proteins. Researchers have identified over 1400 mutations across at least 11 different genes. Among these, the most frequently occurring mutations are found in the...
148
2D NMR: Heteronuclear Single-Quantum Correlation Spectroscopy (HSQC)01:19

2D NMR: Heteronuclear Single-Quantum Correlation Spectroscopy (HSQC)

1.2K
Heteronuclear single-quantum correlation spectroscopy (HSQC) is a 2D NMR technique that reveals one-bond correlations between hydrogen and a heteronucleus. The HSQC experiment is similar to the heteronuclear correlation experiment (HETCOR) but is more sensitive. In the HSQC spectrum, the proton chemical shift is plotted on the horizontal F2 axis, while the 13C chemical shift is plotted on the vertical F1 axis. The corresponding proton and 13C spectra are also shown. The HSQC contour plot does...
1.2K
Criteria for Aromaticity and the Hückel 4n + 2 Rule01:20

Criteria for Aromaticity and the Hückel 4n + 2 Rule

12.1K
Like benzene, cyclobutadiene and cyclooctatetraene are cyclic compounds with alternate single and double bonds. However, their chemical behavior differs from benzene, as they are unstable and not aromatic. So, what are the structural characteristics of unsaturated compounds categorized as aromatic?  
For the first time, Eric Hückel, a German chemical physicist, derived a set of structural features for a compound to be classified as aromatic. This is now known as Hückel’s rule or the 4n +...
12.1K
Antipsychotic Drugs: Typical and Atypical Agents01:21

Antipsychotic Drugs: Typical and Atypical Agents

528
Antipsychotic drugs are classified into first-generation (typical) drugs including phenothiazines; and second-generation (atypical) drugs. Chlorpromazine hydrochloride (Thorazine), a phenothiazine derivative, broadly impacts the central, autonomic, and endocrine systems. This drug, along with typical agents like haloperidol (Haldol), primarily works by antagonizing D2 receptors, thus reducing dopaminergic neurotransmission. However, typical antipsychotics can cause side effects such as sedation...
528
Horney's Sociocultural Approach01:27

Horney's Sociocultural Approach

848
Karen Horney's psychoanalytic theories emphasize the potential for self-realization and the importance of addressing social and cultural, rather than biological, factors in personality development. She challenged traditional Freudian views, particularly Freud's concept of "penis envy," which she argued stemmed from cultural influences rather than inherent biological differences. Horney believed that any sense of inferiority in women was a result of societal conditioning, such as...
848
Null and Alternative Hypotheses01:16

Null and Alternative Hypotheses

11.3K
The actual hypothesis testing begins by considering two hypotheses. They are termed  the null hypothesis and the alternative hypothesis. These hypotheses contain opposing viewpoints.
The null hypothesis, denoted by H0 is a statement of no difference between the variables—they are not related. This can often be considered the status quo. As  a result if you cannot accept the null, it requires some action.
The alternative hypothesis, denoted by H1 or Ha, is a claim about the...
11.3K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Use of a TaqMan Array Card for identification of enterotoxins and colonization factors directly from stool samples in an enterotoxigenic <i>E. coli</i> vaccine study.

Microbiology spectrum·2025
Same author

Urinary tract infections: a retrospective cohort study of (mis)matching antimicrobial therapy and clinical outcome among Finnish adults.

JAC-antimicrobial resistance·2024
Same author

Safety and immunogenicity of ETVAX®, an oral inactivated vaccine against enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli diarrhoea: a double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled trial amongst Finnish travellers to Benin, West Africa.

Journal of travel medicine·2023
Same author

Short interruptions of TNF-inhibitor treatment can be associated with treatment failure in patients with immune-mediated diseases.

Autoimmunity·2022
Same author

Benefit of measuring vedolizumab concentrations in inflammatory bowel disease patients in a real-world setting.

Scandinavian journal of gastroenterology·2021
Same author

Autoantibodies Against the Complement Regulator Factor H in the Serum of Patients With Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder.

Frontiers in immunology·2021
Same journal

Fibrocytes drive JAK2V617F-mutated myelofibrosis: pitavastatin reverses marrow fibrosis and anemia.

Blood·2026
Same journal

Identifying steroid-refractory aGVHD before it happens.

Blood·2026
Same journal

ELISA-negative HIT: antibody recognition and relevance.

Blood·2026
Same journal

EBV and immunodeficiency: the odd couple drawn to the brain.

Blood·2026
Same journal

A bone to pick with ferric carboxymaltose.

Blood·2026
Same journal

A step toward streamlining HIT diagnosis.

Blood·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 19, 2025

A Phenotyping Regimen for Genetically Modified Mice Used to Study Genes Implicated in Human Diseases of Aging
09:37

A Phenotyping Regimen for Genetically Modified Mice Used to Study Genes Implicated in Human Diseases of Aging

Published on: July 14, 2016

8.5K

HUS and atypical HUS.

T Sakari Jokiranta1

  • 1Research Programs Unit, Immunobiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki University Central Hospital, and United Medix Laboratories, Helsinki, Finland sakari.jokiranta@helsinki.fi.

Blood
|April 19, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) involves kidney failure, low platelets, and red blood cell destruction. Understanding its causes, like Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) or complement issues, aids treatment.

More Related Videos

Handwriting Analysis Indicates Spontaneous Dyskinesias in Neuroleptic Na&#239;ve Adolescents at High Risk for Psychosis
05:52

Handwriting Analysis Indicates Spontaneous Dyskinesias in Neuroleptic Naïve Adolescents at High Risk for Psychosis

Published on: November 21, 2013

15.2K
An Alternant Method to the Traditional NASA Hindlimb Unloading Model in Mice
09:50

An Alternant Method to the Traditional NASA Hindlimb Unloading Model in Mice

Published on: March 10, 2011

21.0K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Nov 19, 2025

A Phenotyping Regimen for Genetically Modified Mice Used to Study Genes Implicated in Human Diseases of Aging
09:37

A Phenotyping Regimen for Genetically Modified Mice Used to Study Genes Implicated in Human Diseases of Aging

Published on: July 14, 2016

8.5K
Handwriting Analysis Indicates Spontaneous Dyskinesias in Neuroleptic Na&#239;ve Adolescents at High Risk for Psychosis
05:52

Handwriting Analysis Indicates Spontaneous Dyskinesias in Neuroleptic Naïve Adolescents at High Risk for Psychosis

Published on: November 21, 2013

15.2K
An Alternant Method to the Traditional NASA Hindlimb Unloading Model in Mice
09:50

An Alternant Method to the Traditional NASA Hindlimb Unloading Model in Mice

Published on: March 10, 2011

21.0K

Area of Science:

  • Nephrology
  • Hematology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) is a serious condition involving microvascular thrombosis, hemolysis, thrombocytopenia, and acute kidney injury.
  • HUS is classified into typical (STEC-HUS), atypical (aHUS), and secondary forms, each with distinct underlying causes.
  • Recent advancements have improved understanding of HUS pathogenesis, highlighting endothelial cell damage and complement system dysregulation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and compare the distinct and shared pathogenetic mechanisms of typical HUS (STEC-HUS), atypical HUS (aHUS), and secondary HUS.
  • To elucidate the common pathways involving complement activation, endothelial injury, and platelet activation across different HUS subtypes.
  • To highlight how understanding these mechanisms can inform clinical practice and therapeutic strategies.

Main Methods:

  • This review synthesizes current knowledge on HUS pathogenesis from existing literature.
  • It compares the etiological factors and molecular pathways involved in STEC-HUS, aHUS, and secondary HUS.
  • The review discusses the role of complement activation, genetic factors (e.g., DGKε mutations), and acquired conditions in HUS development.

Main Results:

  • Typical HUS results from Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) infection.
  • Atypical HUS is primarily driven by uncontrolled complement activation due to genetic mutations or autoantibodies.
  • Secondary HUS arises from coexisting diseases or triggers like autoimmunity, transplantation, cancer, infections, drugs, or pregnancy.
  • Common to all forms is endothelial cell damage, intravascular hemolysis, platelet activation, and thrombosis, often involving a cycle of complement activation.

Conclusions:

  • Despite diverse triggers, a common pathway of endothelial damage, platelet activation, and thrombosis underlies various HUS forms.
  • Complement inhibition is a key therapy for aHUS but may not be effective for all HUS subtypes, including some STEC-HUS or secondary HUS cases, or those with DGKε mutations.
  • A deeper understanding of the specific pathogenetic mechanisms for each HUS type is crucial for guiding effective clinical management and treatment selection.