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Related Concept Videos

Mismatch Repair01:36

Mismatch Repair

Overview
DNA Base Pairing02:27

DNA Base Pairing

Erwin Chargaff’s rules on DNA equivalence paved the way for the discovery of base pairing in DNA. Chargaff’s rules state that in a double-stranded DNA molecule,
Improving Translational Accuracy02:07

Improving Translational Accuracy

Base complementarity between the three base pairs of mRNA codon and the tRNA anticodon is not a failsafe mechanism. Inaccuracies can range from a single mismatch to no correct base pairing at all. The free energy difference between the correct and nearly correct base pairs can be as small as 3 kcal/ mol. With complementarity being the only proofreading step, the estimated error frequency would be one wrong amino acid in every 100 amino acids incorporated. However, error frequencies observed in...
Genome Copying Errors02:46

Genome Copying Errors

DNA replication is a well-evolved process that copies millions of base pairs with high fidelity during each cell division. Occasionally a wrong base or a long stretch of wrong bases may get added to the daughter strands. If the errors are left unchecked, cells might accumulate several mutations that might endanger their  survival. Therefore, the copying errors are checked and repaired at three levels.
Proofreading01:31

Proofreading

Synthesis of new DNA molecules is carried out by the enzyme DNA polymerase, which adds nucleotides on the daughter strand complementary to the template DNA strand. DNA polymerase has a higher affinity to add the correct base and ensures fidelity during DNA replication. Furthermore,  it exhibits proofreading activity during replication, using an exonuclease domain that cuts off incorrect nucleotides from the nascent DNA strand.
Errors During Replication are Corrected by the DNA Polymerase Enzyme
Mismatch Repair01:20

Mismatch Repair

Organisms are capable of detecting and fixing nucleotide mismatches that occur during DNA replication. This sophisticated process requires identifying the new strand and replacing the erroneous bases with correct nucleotides. Mismatch repair is coordinated by many proteins in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
The Mutator Protein Family Plays a Key Role in DNA Mismatch Repair
The human genome has more than 3 billion base pairs of DNA per cell. Prior to cell division, that vast amount of genetic...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 8, 2026

Removal of an Internal Translational Start Site from mRNA While Retaining Expression of the Full-Length Protein
05:48

Removal of an Internal Translational Start Site from mRNA While Retaining Expression of the Full-Length Protein

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Different base/base mispairs are corrected with different efficiencies and specificities in monkey kidney cells.

T C Brown1, J Jiricny

  • 1Friedrich Miescher Institute, Basel, Switzerland.

Cell
|August 26, 1988
PubMed
Summary

DNA mismatch repair corrects errors from replication and 5-methylcytosine deamination. Simian cells efficiently correct various base mismatches, with repair bias influenced by flanking DNA sequences.

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Last Updated: May 8, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • DNA mismatches are crucial lesions that arise during DNA replication and from the deamination of 5-methylcytosine to thymine.
  • These mismatches can lead to mutations if not accurately repaired, impacting genomic stability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the efficiency and specificity of DNA mismatch correction in simian cells.
  • To characterize the repair outcomes for various base/base mispairs and homogeneous mismatches.

Main Methods:

  • Transfection of simian cells with SV40 DNA containing defined single base mispairs within the large T antigen gene intron.
  • Analysis of corrected DNA sequences by plaque assay to determine mismatch correction efficiencies and specificities.

Main Results:

  • All tested base/base mispairs were corrected with varying efficiencies.
  • Heterogeneous mispairs like G/T (96%) and A/C (78%) showed high correction efficiencies, often to G/C.
  • Homogeneous mispairs such as G/C (92%) and C/C (66%) were also corrected, with repair bias influenced by flanking sequences.

Conclusions:

  • Simian cells possess a robust DNA mismatch repair system capable of correcting diverse base mispairs.
  • The efficiency and specificity of mismatch correction are influenced by the type of mispair and its surrounding DNA sequence context.