Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jun 20, 2026
08:05
A Prediction Error-driven Retrieval Procedure for Destabilizing and Rewriting Maladaptive Reward Memories in Hazardous Drinkers
Published on: January 5, 2018
Intoxication-Related Alcohol Mixed with Energy Drink Expectancies Scale: Initial Development and Validation
Kathleen E Miller1, Kurt H Dermen1, Joseph F Lucke1
1Research Institute on Addictions, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York.
Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research
|April 20, 2017
Summary
This study developed the Intoxication-Related Alcohol mixed with Energy Drinks Expectancies Scale (AmED_EXPI) to measure beliefs about alcohol and caffeine intoxication. The scale is a reliable and valid tool for assessing these expectancies in young adults.
Area of Science:
- Psychology
- Substance Use Research
- Behavioral Science
Background:
- Young adult consumption of alcohol mixed with energy drinks (AmEDs) is associated with increased problem behaviors.
- Expectancies regarding caffeine's effects with alcohol may influence these risks.
- The Intoxication-Related AmED Expectancies Scale (AmED_EXPI) was developed to measure these specific beliefs.
Purpose of the Study:
- To construct and psychometrically evaluate the AmED_EXPI, a 15-item self-report measure.
- To assess beliefs about how AmED intoxication differs from noncaffeinated alcohol (NCA) intoxication.
- To provide a tool for understanding the psychological factors influencing AmED use.
Main Methods:
- Scale development and validation using a U.S. national sample of 3,105 adolescents and emerging adults (ages 13-25).
- Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses to determine the scale's structure.
- Cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses to assess construct and predictive validity.
Main Results:
- Confirmatory factor analyses supported a 4-factor structure (Intoxication Management, Alertness, Sociability, Jitters), accounting for 75.3% of variance.
- The factor structure demonstrated stability across demographic subgroups (gender, age, AmED experience).
- Subscales showed strong internal consistency, satisfactory convergent validity, and baseline scores predicted future AmED use.
Conclusions:
- The AmED_EXPI is a reliable and valid instrument for measuring expectancies related to caffeine's effects during alcohol intoxication.
- The scale can be used to further investigate the role of expectancies in AmED-related risks and behaviors.
- Findings support the utility of the AmED_EXPI in research on young adult substance use.
Related Concept Videos
01:16Hypothesis Test for Test of Independence
The test of independence is a chi-square-based test used to determine whether two variables or factors are independent or dependent. This hypothesis test is used to examine the independence of the variables. One can construct two qualitative survey questions or experiments based on the variables in a contingency table. The goal is to see if the two variables are unrelated (independent) or related (dependent). The null and alternative hypotheses for this test are:
H0: The two variables (factors)...
H0: The two variables (factors)...
01:08Determination of Expected Frequency
Suppose one wants to test independence between the two variables of a contingency table. The values in the table constitute the observed frequencies of the dataset. But how does one determine the expected frequency of the dataset? One of the important assumptions is that the two variables are independent, which means the variables do not influence each other. For independent variables, the statistical probability of any event involving both variables is calculated by multiplying the individual...
01:16Experimental Designs
An experimental design is a systematic process that allows researchers to evaluate the relationship between dependent and independent variables. There are three widely used types of experimental design - pre-experimental design, true experimental design, and quasi-experimental design. In pre-experimental design, the researcher compares the data before and after some interventions or treatments. The true-experimental design has more than one purposefully created group, a commonly measured...
01:27CNS Depressants: Alcohol and Nicotine
Ethanol, a clear colorless alcohol, has been consumed by humans for millennia, but its effects on the body are far from benign. At lower doses, it induces decreased inhibitions and loquaciousness, leading to its social appeal. However, it can cause severe consequences at higher doses, such as coma and respiratory depression, due to its zero-order elimination kinetics. Chronic ethanol abuse wreaks havoc on multiple organ systems, particularly the CNS and the liver. Abrupt cessation of ethanol...
01:24Drug Toxicity: Risk factors
Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) are potential complications that arise during pharmacotherapy, influenced by multiple risk factors. Age plays a significant role; both neonates and the elderly are at heightened risk due to their respective immature and diminished metabolic and elimination processes. Gender also impacts ADRs, with females experiencing a 1.5 to 1.7-fold greater risk than males, which may be linked to pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and hormonal differences. Notably, neonates, the...