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Related Concept Videos

Pneumonia I: Introduction01:30

Pneumonia I: Introduction

Pneumonia is an acute respiratory infection that targets the lungs, specifically the alveoli. These tiny air sacs, essential for oxygen exchange, become engorged with pus and fluid, severely hindering breathing, decreasing oxygen absorption, and causing significant pain and discomfort during respiration.
Risk Factors
Various factors influence the likelihood of developing pneumonia. Age plays a crucial role, with infants, children under two, and individuals over 65 at increased risk due to their...
Pneumonia V: Nursing management and Prevention01:30

Pneumonia V: Nursing management and Prevention

Nursing management of pneumonia involves promoting airway patency, facilitating rest and conserving energy, encouraging fluid intake, maintaining nutrition, and educating patients.
The nurse must practice strict medical asepsis and adhere to infection control guidelines to minimize healthcare-associated infections.
Enhance airway patency
Position the patient correctly to facilitate drainage of the affected lung segments. Manual or mechanical percussion and vibration can also be employed.
Drug Dosing: Geriatric Patients01:15

Drug Dosing: Geriatric Patients

Elderly individuals encompass a diverse population with varying degrees of age-related physiological changes. Defining the elderly presents challenges, as the geriatric population is often arbitrarily categorized as individuals older than 65. However, many individuals in this group lead active and healthy lives, with an increasing number surpassing 85 years and falling into the older elderly category. Physiological changes associated with aging impact performance capacity and homeostatic...
Pharmacokinetics in Geriatric Patients: Effect of Age on Drug Absorption01:22

Pharmacokinetics in Geriatric Patients: Effect of Age on Drug Absorption

As individuals age, their body's physiology evolves, affecting drug pharmacokinetics. The most apparent changes occur in the gastrointestinal tract, where an increase in gastric pH, a delay in gastric emptying, and a reduction in gastrointestinal motility are observed. Remarkably, these changes do not substantially modify the absorption of orally administered drugs, particularly those absorbed via passive diffusion.Transdermal drug delivery emerges as a highly viable method for older adults due...
Pharmacodynamics in Geriatric Patients: Effects of Age01:27

Pharmacodynamics in Geriatric Patients: Effects of Age

Age-related pharmacokinetic changes are extensively documented, but understanding age-related pharmacodynamic alterations is relatively limited. This knowledge gap can be partly attributed to the complexity of developing appropriate measures of drug responses compared to bioanalytical methods for determining drug concentrations.Most information regarding age-related differences in human pharmacodynamics originates from cross-sectional studies. However, these studies assume that observed mean...
Pneumonia I: Introduction01:29

Pneumonia I: Introduction

Pneumonia is an infection of the lower respiratory tract that leads to inflammation of the lung parenchyma, often resulting in the accumulation of inflammatory exudate in the alveoli and airways. Unlike the watery, low-protein fluid exudate in pulmonary edema, the exudate in this case is a thick fluid rich in immune cells, proteins, and debris produced during infection and inflammation.This impairs gas exchange and can lead to consolidation of lung tissue. The infection may be caused by a...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 17, 2026

Capsular Serotyping of Streptococcus pneumoniae Using the Quellung Reaction
04:25

Capsular Serotyping of Streptococcus pneumoniae Using the Quellung Reaction

Published on: February 24, 2014

Pneumococcal Capsular Polysaccharide Immunity in the Elderly.

Hugh Adler1,2, Daniela M Ferreira3, Stephen B Gordon4

  • 1Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom Hugh.Adler@lstmed.ac.uk.

Clinical and Vaccine Immunology : CVI
|April 21, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Immunity to pneumococcal infections declines with age, leading to reduced vaccine effectiveness in older adults. This review explores age-related immune changes impacting protection against pneumococcal disease.

Keywords:
Streptococcus pneumoniaeagingcolonizationimmunizationimmunoglobulinsmucosal immunitypneumococcuspneumonia

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Last Updated: Jun 17, 2026

Capsular Serotyping of Streptococcus pneumoniae Using the Quellung Reaction
04:25

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Published on: February 24, 2014

Capsular Serotyping of Streptococcus pneumoniae by Latex Agglutination
09:11

Capsular Serotyping of Streptococcus pneumoniae by Latex Agglutination

Published on: September 25, 2014

Opsonophagocytic Killing Assay to Assess Immunological Responses Against Bacterial Pathogens
08:47

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Published on: April 5, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Gerontology

Background:

  • Immunity to pneumococcal infections naturally wanes with age.
  • Pneumococcal vaccines show limited efficacy in individuals over 65.
  • Reduced antibody levels and function contribute to impaired immunity in older adults.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review age-related immune mechanisms affecting pneumococcal immunity.
  • To explain why current pneumococcal vaccines are less effective in older populations.
  • To identify factors contributing to declining immunity against pneumococcal capsular polysaccharides.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on aging and pneumococcal immunity.
  • Analysis of immune responses to pneumococcal capsular polysaccharides in different age groups.
  • Examination of vaccine efficacy and serotype replacement in older adults.

Main Results:

  • Naturally acquired immunity to pneumococcal capsular polysaccharides deteriorates with age.
  • Antibody levels and opsonic activity (especially IgM) are reduced in older individuals.
  • Impaired mucosal immunity and altered colonization dynamics contribute to decreased protection.

Conclusions:

  • Age-related immune decline significantly impacts pneumococcal disease protection.
  • Current vaccines offer incomplete protection against pneumococcal disease in the elderly.
  • Understanding these immune mechanisms is crucial for developing improved vaccines for older adults.