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Halogenation of Alkenes

Halogenation of Alkenes

Halogenation is the addition of chlorine or bromine across the double bond in an alkene to yield a vicinal dihalide. The reaction occurs in the presence of inert and non-nucleophilic solvents, such as methylene chloride, chloroform, or carbon tetrachloride.
Consider the bromination of cyclopentene. Molecular bromine is polarized in the proximity of the π electrons of cyclopentene. An electrophilic bromine atom adds across the double bond, forming a cyclic bromonium ion intermediate.

Aromatic Hydrocarbon Cations: Structural Overview

Aromatic Hydrocarbon Cations: Structural Overview

Cycloheptatriene is a neutral monocyclic unsaturated hydrocarbon that consists of an odd number of carbon atoms and an intervening sp3 carbon in the ring. The three double bonds in the ring correspond to 6 π electrons, which is a Huckel number, and therefore satisfies the criteria of 4n + 2 π electrons. However, the intervening sp3 carbon disrupts the continuous overlap of p orbitals. As a result, cycloheptatriene is not aromatic.
Removing one hydrogen from the intervening CH2 group...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 2, 2026

Combining Solid-state and Solution-based Techniques: Synthesis and Reactivity of ChalcogenidoplumbatesII or IV

Combining Solid-state and Solution-based Techniques: Synthesis and Reactivity of ChalcogenidoplumbatesII or IV

Published on: December 29, 2016

Solution-Processed Cesium Hexabromopalladate(IV), Cs₂PdBr₆, for Optoelectronic Applications.

Nobuya Sakai¹, Amir Abbas Haghighirad¹, Marina R Filip²

¹Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford , Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom.

Journal of the American Chemical Society

|April 21, 2017

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a new lead-free perovskite, Cs2PdBr6, offering a stable, water-resistant alternative for optoelectronic devices. This promising material boasts excellent photoluminescence and a suitable band gap for advanced applications.

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Area of Science:

Materials Science
Solid-State Physics
Photovoltaics

Background:

Lead halide perovskites show great optoelectronic and photovoltaic potential.
Commercialization is hindered by lead toxicity, chemical instability, and moisture sensitivity.

Purpose of the Study:

To introduce a novel lead-free perovskite-related compound, Cs2PdBr6.
To evaluate its optoelectronic properties and stability for potential applications.

Main Methods:

Solution processing of Cs2PdBr6.
Photoluminescence and optical band gap measurements.
Density functional theory (DFT) calculations for electronic band structure and effective masses.

Main Results:

Cs2PdBr6 is solution-processable with long-lived photoluminescence and a 1.6 eV optical band gap.
DFT calculations reveal dispersive electronic bands with specific electron and hole effective masses.
The compound demonstrates significant water resistance, unlike lead-based perovskites.

Conclusions:

Cs2PdBr6 is a promising lead-free alternative for optoelectronic applications.
Its water resistance suggests enhanced long-term stability.
The material's properties make it suitable for further investigation in device development.