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Related Concept Videos

Ophthalmic Drug Delivery Systems01:23

Ophthalmic Drug Delivery Systems

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Ophthalmic drug delivery faces major limitations due to poor absorption across the corneal membrane. This process is primarily driven by diffusion and is influenced by two main factors: the physicochemical properties of the drug and tear drainage. Most ophthalmic drugs, such as pilocarpine, epinephrine, atropine, and local anesthetics, are weak bases. They are typically formulated at an acidic pH to enhance chemical stability. However, this leads to high ionization, reducing their ability to...
107
Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes01:22

Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes

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Drug delivery methods like oral inhalation, nasal sprays, transdermal patches, eye drops, intravitreal injection,  and rectal administration provide localized effects with reduced toxicity.
Oral inhalation and nasal sprays swiftly transfer drugs across the respiratory epithelium's mucosal layer. Inhaled glucocorticoids and bronchodilators directly target lung conditions such as asthma, while fluticasone nasal spray mitigates allergic rhinitis.
Transdermal patches transport drugs...
896
Drug Delivery Systems: Different Types01:27

Drug Delivery Systems: Different Types

118
Conventional oral drug products, termed immediate-release (IR) formulations, are engineered to promptly release their active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) upon ingestion, typically in tablets or capsules. This rapid release often results in swift drug absorption and consequent pharmacodynamic effects, although the timing and intensity can vary depending on the drug's properties. Prodrugs within these formulations require metabolic conversion to activate their pharmacodynamic effects,...
118
Modified-Release Drug Delivery Systems: Influencing Factors01:20

Modified-Release Drug Delivery Systems: Influencing Factors

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Modified-release drug delivery systems are designed to optimize the therapeutic effect of drugs by minimizing side effects, reducing the dosage required, and controlling drug release to align with pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic needs. The system depends on two key factors: the drug's release from the formulation and its movement through the body to the target site. Unlike conventional dosage forms, where absorption is the limiting step, the rate of drug release is the key determinant in...
83
Oral Drug Delivery Systems: Continuous-Release Systems01:26

Oral Drug Delivery Systems: Continuous-Release Systems

88
Continuous-release drug delivery systems offer a strategic approach to maintaining therapeutic drug levels over extended periods following oral administration. By modulating the release rate of active pharmaceutical ingredients, these systems minimize fluctuations in plasma concentrations, which enhances clinical efficacy and reduces the need for frequent dosing. Such characteristics make them particularly advantageous in managing chronic diseases where patient adherence and stable drug...
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Modified-Release Drug Delivery Systems: Rate-Programmed II01:19

Modified-Release Drug Delivery Systems: Rate-Programmed II

56
Rate-programmed drug delivery systems release drugs in a controlled manner to maintain therapeutic levels. Three main designs include reservoir, matrix, and hybrid systems.Reservoir systems consist of a drug core enclosed within a membrane that controls drug release. In non-swelling reservoir systems, polymers like ethyl cellulose or polymethacrylates are used. These do not hydrate in aqueous media and control release through membrane thickness, porosity, or insolubility. This type includes...
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Mydriatics release from solid and semi-solid ophthalmic formulations using different in vitro methods.

Silvia Pescina1, Claudio Macaluso2, Gloria Antonia Gioia1

  • 1a Food and Drug Department , University of Parma , Parma , Italy.

Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy
|April 21, 2017
PubMed
Summary

New ophthalmic hydrogels and films offer controlled release of phenylephrine and tropicamide. These formulations provide a viable alternative for mydriatics administration, though in vitro release methods require standardization.

Keywords:
Mydriasert®Mydriaticdiffusion cellfilmgelin vitro releaseinclined planeocular drug deliveryvial method

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Pharmaceutics
  • Drug Delivery

Background:

  • Developing novel ophthalmic formulations for controlled drug release is crucial for improving patient compliance and therapeutic efficacy.
  • Mydriatics like phenylephrine and tropicamide are commonly used but require precise delivery to the eye.
  • Existing ophthalmic drug delivery systems have limitations in terms of release kinetics and duration of action.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and characterize semi-solid (hydrogels) and solid (film) ophthalmic formulations for controlled release of phenylephrine and tropicamide.
  • To evaluate the drug release profiles of these novel formulations using different in vitro methods.
  • To compare the performance of the developed formulations with existing clinical solutions and inserts.

Main Methods:

  • Formulation of hydrogels and films using polyvinyl alcohol and hyaluronic acid as base materials.
  • Characterization of the developed ophthalmic formulations.
  • In vitro drug release studies utilizing Franz-type diffusion cells, vial method, and inclined plane techniques.
  • Comparative analysis with a commercial ophthalmic solution and insert.

Main Results:

  • Both hydrogel and film formulations demonstrated controlled release of phenylephrine and tropicamide.
  • The release kinetics were significantly influenced by the specific in vitro method employed.
  • The developed formulations showed potential as effective alternatives for mydriatics administration.

Conclusions:

  • Polyvinyl alcohol and hyaluronic acid-based hydrogels and films are promising for controlled ophthalmic drug delivery.
  • Standardization of in vitro models is essential for accurate evaluation of drug release from ophthalmic dosage forms.
  • Further optimization of these formulations and release testing methods is warranted for clinical application.