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Small, dense LDL: an update.

Philipp A Gerber1, Dragana Nikolic, Manfredi Rizzo

  • 1aDivision of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Clinical Nutrition, University Hospital of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland bBiomedical Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.

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Small, dense low-density lipoprotein (sdLDL) particles are linked to various health conditions. Estimating sdLDL may identify high cardiovascular risk patients for targeted interventions.

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Research
  • Lipid Metabolism
  • Clinical Biomarkers

Background:

  • Small, dense LDL (sdLDL) particles are recognized as atherogenic.
  • Elevated sdLDL is associated with various metabolic and inflammatory conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the latest findings on small, dense LDL (sdLDL) particles.
  • To explore associations between sdLDL and other biomarkers.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent studies on sdLDL.
  • Analysis of sdLDL associations with various health conditions and biomarkers.

Main Results:

  • Increased sdLDL levels are observed in metabolic disorders (diabetes, obesity, metabolic syndrome) and inflammatory conditions (rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis), as well as hypothyroidism.
  • Various interventions, including lipid-lowering drugs, antidiabetic agents, and nutraceuticals, favorably impact sdLDL levels.
  • A definitive 'gold standard' for sdLDL assessment is lacking, but biomarker associations may aid in its estimation.

Conclusions:

  • Estimating sdLDL in clinical practice can help identify patients at high cardiovascular risk.
  • Targeted interventions can be directed based on sdLDL levels to prevent or reduce cardiovascular risk.