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Related Concept Videos

Redox Reactions01:27

Redox Reactions

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Redox reactions are vital biochemical processes that underpin energy metabolism in cells. These reactions involve the transfer of electrons between molecules, occurring in tandem as oxidation and reduction. Oxidation refers to the loss of electrons, while reduction denotes their gain. This coupling ensures the seamless flow of electrons through metabolic pathways. For example, in bacterial metabolism, glucose undergoes oxidation to carbon dioxide, while oxygen is simultaneously reduced to...
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Redox Reactions01:24

Redox Reactions

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Oxidation-reduction or redox reactions involve the transfer of electrons from one molecule or atom to another. When an atom gains an electron, another atom must lose an electron, meaning oxidation and reduction must occur together. Since the redox occurs in pairs, the atom that gets oxidized is also called the reducing agent or reductant, and the atom that is reduced is also called the oxidizing agent or oxidant. A straightforward way to remember the definitions of oxidation and reduction is...
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Stem Cell Niche01:26

Stem Cell Niche

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The stem cell niche is the dynamic microenvironment where stem cells reside. Inside these niches, the cells may remain undifferentiated, undergo high self-renewal, or become lineage-specific progenitors. Stem cells coexist with other niche cells, such as stromal cells. They also interact closely with the ECM. Cell-cell and cell-matrix communication occur via adhesion molecules or soluble factors that signal the stem cells and determine their fate. Stromal cells also provide survival signals to...
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Redox Equilibria: Overview01:23

Redox Equilibria: Overview

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A reduction-oxidation reaction is commonly called a redox reaction. In a redox reaction, electrons are transferred from one species to another rather than being shared between or among atoms. The reducing agent or reductant is the species that loses electrons and gets oxidized in the process. The species that gains electrons and gets reduced in the process is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Redox reactions are represented as two separate equations called half-reactions, where one equation...
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Oxidation and Reduction of Organic Molecules01:19

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Energy production within a cell involves many coordinated chemical pathways. Most of these pathways are combinations of oxidation and reduction reactions, which occur at the same time. An oxidation reaction strips an electron from an atom in a compound, and the addition of this electron to another compound is a reduction reaction. Because oxidation and reduction usually occur together, these pairs of reactions are called redox reactions.
The removal of an electron from a molecule, results in a...
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Maintenance of the ES Cell State01:14

Maintenance of the ES Cell State

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The cells of the blastocyst inner cell mass only remain pluripotent for a short time. This state of pluripotency and self-renewal can be maintained in embryonic stem (ES) cell culture by adding specific chemicals or growth factors to ensure the cells can continue dividing and later differentiate into different cell types. In some cases, the cells are grown on a feeder layer of differentiated cells, which provides the growth factors and extracellular matrix components necessary for stem cell...
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Updated: Mar 3, 2026

Stimulation of Stem Cell Niches and Tissue Regeneration in Mouse Skin by Switchable Protoporphyrin IX-Dependent Photogeneration of Reactive Oxygen Species In Situ
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Stimulation of Stem Cell Niches and Tissue Regeneration in Mouse Skin by Switchable Protoporphyrin IX-Dependent Photogeneration of Reactive Oxygen Species In Situ

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Redox environment in stem and differentiated cells: A quantitative approach.

O G Lyublinskaya1, Ju S Ivanova2, N A Pugovkina1

  • 1Department of Intracellular Signaling and Transport, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky pr. 4, St. Petersburg 194064, Russia.

Redox Biology
|April 21, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Stem cells maintain a similar intracellular redox status to other cells when normalized for cell volume. This suggests using ROS concentration, not ROS level, is a better measure for redox balance in different cell types.

Keywords:
Differentiated cellsEmbryonic stem cellsFlow cytometryH(2)DCFDAHyPerQuantitative redox biologyROSRedox status

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Assessment of Cellular Oxidation using a Subcellular Compartment-Specific Redox-Sensitive Green Fluorescent Protein
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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Biochemistry
  • Stem Cell Research

Background:

  • Stem cells are thought to maintain redox homeostasis via low reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and high antioxidant capacity.
  • This study investigates the pro- and antioxidant abilities of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) compared to differentiated cells, adult stem cells, and non-stem cells.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To challenge the assumption of unique stem cell redox status.
  • To develop a quantitative approach for analyzing cellular pro- and antioxidant capabilities.
  • To propose a refined metric for intracellular redox balance.

Main Methods:

  • Quantitative analysis of pro- and antioxidant abilities in various human cell types.
  • Measurement of ROS levels, extracellular hydrogen peroxide removal rates, and peroxide-induced cytotoxicity.
  • Biochemical normalization of parameters to cell volume/protein.
  • Flow cytometry using H2DCFDA dye and the HyPer probe for ROS concentration assessment.

Main Results:

  • Embryonic stem cells exhibit low ROS levels, slow extracellular hydrogen peroxide removal, and low peroxide cytotoxicity thresholds.
  • Biochemical normalization to cell volume/protein reveals similar intracellular redox status across stem and differentiated cells.
  • Cellular ROS concentration, averaged over cell volume, emerges as a more accurate measure of redox balance than ROS level.

Conclusions:

  • The unique redox status of stem cells is challenged by normalization to cell volume.
  • ROS concentration averaged over cell volume is proposed as a superior metric for comparing intracellular redox balance across diverse cell types.
  • Comparative analysis of redox status using ROS level alone can lead to erroneous conclusions, especially for morphologically distinct cells.