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Related Concept Videos

Primary Lymphoid Organs01:16

Primary Lymphoid Organs

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Primary lymphoid organs are pivotal in the formation, development, and maturation of lymphocytes, the white blood cells that serve as the backbone of our immune system. This crucial function underscores their fundamental role in maintaining our overall health and immunity. The two primary lymphoid organs of prime importance are the red bone marrow and the thymus.
The red bone marrow is a soft, spongy tissue nestled in the interior of long bones such as the humerus and femur. It is the site...
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Secondary Lymphoid Organs01:15

Secondary Lymphoid Organs

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Secondary organs, including lymph nodes, the spleen, and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT), work harmoniously to protect us from disease and infection.
The spleen is a vital organ in the lymphatic system, nestled in the upper left side of the abdomen. It is composed of two primary regions: the red pulp and the white pulp, each having distinct functions. The red pulp performs a significant role in blood filtration. It efficiently purges the blood of old or damaged red blood cells and...
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Lymphoid Cells and Tissues01:18

Lymphoid Cells and Tissues

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Lymphoid cells and tissues are integral to the immune system, which is crucial in maintaining our body's defense against harmful pathogens. They form the building blocks of lymphoid organs, which include the spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes.
Lymphoid cells consist of various types of immune system cells. These include B and T lymphocytes, which are responsible for producing antibodies and killing infected cells, respectively. Dendritic cells act as messengers between the innate and adaptive...
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Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response01:23

Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response

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The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...
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Glial Cells01:04

Glial Cells

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Overview
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Functions of the Lymphatic and Immune System01:28

Functions of the Lymphatic and Immune System

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The lymphatic system plays a crucial role in bolstering our immune system. It consists of a network of lymphoid organs, lymph, and lymphatic vessels that provide structural and functional support in safeguarding the body against pathogens such as viruses and bacteria.
The primary lymphoid organs, including the bone marrow and the thymus, serve as the maturation sites for lymphocytes. Secondary lymphoid organs, like the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue, activate these lymphocytes and serve as...
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Updated: Mar 3, 2026

Tumor Engraftment in a Xenograft Mouse Model of Human Mantle Cell Lymphoma
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Primary central nervous system lymphoma.

Giovanni Citterio1, Michele Reni1, Gemma Gatta2

  • 1Medical Oncology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.

Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology
|April 22, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Primary CNS lymphomas (PCNSL) are aggressive brain cancers with poor outcomes. Current treatments focus on high-dose methotrexate chemotherapy, with ongoing research into optimal drug combinations and stem cell transplantation.

Keywords:
Cerebrospinal fluidCytarabineMethotrexatePCNSLRadiotherapyRituximabThiotepa

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Flow Cytometric Analysis of Lymphocyte Infiltration in Central Nervous System during Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
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Area of Science:

  • Neuro-oncology
  • Hematology
  • Clinical Pharmacology

Background:

  • Primary CNS lymphomas (PCNSL) are aggressive brain malignancies with poor prognoses.
  • Limited drug penetration across the blood-brain barrier complicates treatment.
  • High risk of severe neurotoxicity necessitates careful treatment balancing.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current treatment strategies for PCNSL.
  • To discuss the role of chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and stem cell transplantation.
  • To highlight challenges in balancing treatment efficacy and toxicity.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current therapeutic approaches for PCNSL.
  • Analysis of treatment outcomes and toxicity profiles.
  • Discussion of emerging strategies like stem cell transplantation.

Main Results:

  • High-dose methotrexate-based chemotherapy is the current front-line standard.
  • Radiotherapy is valuable for salvage but debated for consolidation.
  • High-dose chemotherapy with autologous stem-cell transplantation shows promise for controlling microscopic disease.

Conclusions:

  • PCNSL treatment has improved, aiming for a cure.
  • Optimal drug combinations and the role of radiotherapy require further investigation.
  • Stem cell transplantation offers a potential strategy for disease control.