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Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, tissues, and organs. This results from an overactive immune response against substances and tissues normally present in the body. Let's delve into the concept and mechanism of autoimmune diseases from an immune system point of view, explore different causes and examples of such diseases, and discuss potential solutions.
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Hypersensitivity Reactions: Immune-Complex Reactions01:19

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Type III hypersensitivity reactions occur when antigen–antibody complexes form and activate the complement system. Normally, these complexes help the clearance of antigens by phagocytes and red blood cells. However, when large numbers of immune complexes are present, they can deposit in tissues—particularly in the walls of blood vessels—leading to inflammation and tissue injury. These deposits trigger complement activation and neutrophil recruitment, resulting in serum...
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Drug-related allergies are immune-mediated responses triggered by the administration of pharmacological agents. These hypersensitivity reactions are classified based on the immune mechanisms involved. The four primary types—Type I, II, III, and IV—are mediated by different immunological pathways and exhibit distinct clinical manifestations.Type I Hypersensitivity/ IgE-Mediated Reactions: Immunoglobulin E (IgE) immediately mediates Type I hypersensitivity reactions. Upon initial...
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Hypersensitivity Reactions: Delayed Hypersensitivity Reactions01:29

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Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity (DTH), or Type IV hypersensitivity, is a cell-mediated immune response. It occurs when T cells, rather than antibodies, mediate a reaction to specific antigens. It is characterized by a delayed onset (1-2 days) and involves the recruitment of macrophages to the inflammation site.The initiation of a DTH response begins with the sensitization of T cells. During this phase, which lasts at least 1-2 weeks, antigen-specific T cells are activated, clonally expanded, and...
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Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
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Hypersensitivities01:30

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Hypersensitivity, also known as a hypersensitivity reaction or allergic reaction, is a condition where the body's immune system reacts abnormally to a foreign substance. Such substances, that cause hypersensitivity are referred to as an allergen, could be something typically harmless to most people, like pollen or certain foods.
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Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model
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Thyroid Autoimmunity in Patients with Chronic Urticaria.

Emina Kasumagic-Halilovic1, Nermina Beslic2, Nermina Ovcina-Kurtovic1

  • 1Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University Clinical Center Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Medical Archives (Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina)
|April 22, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Chronic urticaria (CU) is linked to thyroid autoimmunity. This study found significantly higher levels of thyroid auto-antibodies, such as anti-thyroglobulin antibody (anti-Tg) and anti-thyroid peroxidase antibody (anti-TPO), in CU patients compared to healthy individuals.

Keywords:
autoantibodiesautoimmunitythyroglobulinurticaria

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Endocrinology
  • Dermatology

Background:

  • Chronic urticaria (CU) is a pruritic skin condition lasting over six weeks.
  • Its exact cause is unknown, but autoimmunity and endocrine issues are suspected.
  • Thyroid autoimmunity is a potential contributing factor in CU pathogenesis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the statistical association between chronic urticaria and thyroid autoimmunity.
  • To determine if thyroid auto-antibodies are more prevalent in CU patients.

Main Methods:

  • A prospective case-control study compared 70 CU patients with 70 healthy volunteers.
  • Thyroid auto-antibodies (anti-thyroglobulin antibody [anti-Tg], anti-thyroid peroxidase antibody [anti-TPO]) were measured.
  • Thyroid hormones (T4, T3, TSH) were also assessed in all participants.

Main Results:

  • Thyroid functional abnormalities were present in 11.43% of CU patients.
  • Anti-Tg and anti-TPO antibodies were positive in 23% and 30% of CU patients, respectively.
  • Significantly higher frequencies of anti-Tg and anti-TPO were observed in CU patients compared to controls (P < 0.05).

Conclusions:

  • A significant association exists between chronic urticaria and thyroid autoimmunity.
  • Testing for thyroid auto-antibodies is clinically relevant for patients diagnosed with chronic urticaria.