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Related Concept Videos

Ultraviolet and Visible (UV–Vis) Spectroscopy: Overview01:02

Ultraviolet and Visible (UV–Vis) Spectroscopy: Overview

Ultraviolet–visible (UV–visible or UV–Vis) spectroscopy is an analytical technique that investigates the interaction between matter and UV–Vis light within the electromagnetic spectrum. This method is widely used for its versatility, simplicity, and relatively quick data acquisition, making it valuable for both qualitative and quantitative analysis. When UV–Vis radiation passes through a material,  molecules absorb light depending on the energy required for electronic transitions. As a result...
UV–Vis Spectroscopy of Conjugated Systems01:32

UV–Vis Spectroscopy of Conjugated Systems

Organic compounds with conjugated double bonds show strong absorption features in the UV–visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum attributed to π → π* electronic excitations. Generally, a UV–vis absorption spectrum is recorded as a plot of absorbance vs wavelength. The wavelength of maximum absorbance, which manifests as a peak in the absorption spectrum, is denoted as λmax.
One of the factors influencing λmax is the extent of conjugation in the...
UV–Vis Spectroscopy: Molecular Electronic Transitions01:16

UV–Vis Spectroscopy: Molecular Electronic Transitions

In Ultraviolet–Visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy, the absorption of electromagnetic radiation is used to probe the electronic structure of molecules. This technique provides insights into molecular electronic transitions, particularly the movement of electrons between different molecular orbitals. Radiation is absorbed if the energy of the electromagnetic radiation passing through the molecule is precisely equal to the energy difference between the excited and ground states. During this process,...
Imaging Biological Samples with Optical Microscopy01:18

Imaging Biological Samples with Optical Microscopy

Optical microscopy uses optic principles to provide detailed images of samples. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek designed the first compound optical microscope in the 17th century to visualize blood cells, bacteria, and yeast cells. In 1830, Joseph Jackson Lister created an essentially modern light microscope. The 20th century saw the development of microscopes with enhanced magnification and resolution.
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Super-resolution Fluorescence Microscopy01:37

Super-resolution Fluorescence Microscopy

Super-resolution fluorescence microscopy (SRFM) provides a better resolution than conventional fluorescence microscopy by reducing the point spread function (PSF). PSF is the light intensity distribution from a point that causes it to appear blurred. Due to PSF, each fluorescing point appears bigger than its actual size, and it is the PSF interference of nearby fluorophores that causes the blurred image. Various approaches to achieving higher resolution through SRFM have recently been developed.
Overview of Electron Microscopy01:25

Overview of Electron Microscopy

The wavelengths of visible light ultimately limit the maximum theoretical resolution of images created by light microscopes. Most light microscopes can only magnify 1000X, and a few can magnify up to 1500X. Electrons, like electromagnetic radiation, can behave like waves, but with wavelengths of 0.005 nm, they produce significantly greater resolution up to 0.05 nm as compared to 500 nm for visible light. An electron microscope (EM) can create a sharp image that is magnified up to 2,000,000X.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 13, 2026

Microwave Photonics Systems Based on Whispering-gallery-mode Resonators
12:18

Microwave Photonics Systems Based on Whispering-gallery-mode Resonators

Published on: August 5, 2013

Ultimate Limit in the Spectral Resolution of Extreme Ultraviolet Frequency Combs.

C Corsi1, I Liontos1, M Bellini1,2,3

  • 1European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy (LENS), Via N. Carrara 1, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy.

Physical Review Letters
|April 22, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Direct measurements reveal that uncontrolled phase jitter in infrared frequency combs limits extreme ultraviolet comb linewidth. This explains the vast difference in coherence times between IR and XUV combs.

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Last Updated: Jul 13, 2026

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Generation and Coherent Control of Pulsed Quantum Frequency Combs
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Generation and Coherent Control of Pulsed Quantum Frequency Combs

Published on: June 8, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Quantum Optics
  • Laser Physics
  • Metrology

Background:

  • Frequency combs are precise tools for measuring light frequencies.
  • Fiber-based infrared (IR) frequency combs are essential metrological tools.
  • Extreme ultraviolet (XUV) combs offer unique applications but have limited coherence.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To directly measure the pulse-to-pulse phase jitter of a fiber-based IR frequency comb.
  • To investigate the impact of this jitter on the linewidth of XUV frequency combs generated via high-order harmonic conversion.
  • To explain the significant difference in coherence times between IR and XUV frequency combs.

Main Methods:

  • Direct interferometric measurements were employed to quantify phase jitter.
  • Analysis focused on the short-time evolution of phase fluctuations.
  • High-order harmonic conversion was used to generate XUV combs from IR combs.

Main Results:

  • Uncontrolled, short-time phase fluctuations in the IR comb were directly measured.
  • These phase fluctuations impose a fundamental limit on the tooth linewidth of the generated XUV combs.
  • A difference of nine orders of magnitude in coherence times between IR and XUV combs is explained by this jitter.

Conclusions:

  • Pulse-to-pulse phase jitter in fiber-based IR frequency combs is a critical factor limiting XUV comb performance.
  • Active control of phase fluctuations is necessary to improve XUV comb coherence.
  • Understanding this jitter is key to advancing metrology in the XUV spectrum.