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Phase Contrast and Differential Interference Contrast Microscopy01:26

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Phase-Contrast Microscopes
In-phase-contrast microscopes, interference between light directly passing through a cell and light refracted by cellular components is used to create high-contrast, high-resolution images without staining. It is the oldest and simplest type of microscope that creates an image by altering the wavelengths of light rays passing through the specimen. Altered wavelength paths are created using an annular stop in the condenser. The annular stop produces a hollow cone of...
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X-ray Imaging01:24

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German physicist Wilhelm Röntgen (1845–1923) was experimenting with electrical current when he discovered that a mysterious and invisible "ray" would pass through his flesh but leave an outline of his bones on a screen coated with a metal compound. In 1895, Röntgen made the first durable record of the internal parts of a living human: an "X-ray" image (as it came to be called) of his wife’s hand. Scientists worldwide quickly began their own experiments with...
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Super-resolution Fluorescence Microscopy01:37

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Super-resolution fluorescence microscopy (SRFM) provides a better resolution than conventional fluorescence microscopy by reducing the point spread function (PSF). PSF is the light intensity distribution from a point that causes it to appear blurred. Due to PSF, each fluorescing point appears bigger than its actual size, and it is the PSF interference of nearby fluorophores that causes the blurred image. Various approaches to achieving higher resolution through SRFM have recently been...
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X-ray diffraction or XRD is an analytical tool that utilizes X-rays to study ordered structures such as crystalline organic and inorganic samples, polycrystalline materials, proteins, carbohydrates, and drugs.
According to Bragg's law, when X-rays strike the sample positioned on a stage, the rays are  scattered by the electron clouds around the sample atoms. The  X-ray diffraction or scattering is caused by constructive interference of the X-ray waves that reflect off the internal...
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Imaging Studies for Cardiovascular System III: X-Ray01:20

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The most common cardiovascular diagnostic test is an X-ray. It produces images of the heart, blood vessels, and adjacent structures.
Definition and Purpose
An X-ray, or radiograph, is a non-invasive method that uses ionizing radiation to take images of internal structures. It is mainly used in cardiac imaging to examine the heart, lungs, and major blood vessels, aiming to identify abnormalities in the heart's size, shape, and position, such as heart failure, congenital defects, and vascular...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 3, 2026

High Spatial Resolution Chemical Imaging of Implant-Associated Infections with X-ray Excited Luminescence Chemical Imaging Through Tissue
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Development toward high-resolution X-ray phase imaging.

Atsushi Momose1,2,3

  • 1Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan.

Microscopy (Oxford, England)
|April 22, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

X-ray phase imaging, a technique for visualizing weakly absorbing materials like soft tissues, has advanced significantly. This review covers progress in phase imaging, particularly for X-ray microscopy applications.

Keywords:
X-ray microscopyinterferometryphase contrastphase imagingtomography

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Area of Science:

  • Physics
  • Materials Science
  • Biomedical Imaging

Background:

  • X-ray phase contrast imaging has been researched since the 1990s for low-Z materials.
  • Traditional X-ray microscopy relied on absorption contrast, limiting its application for certain samples.
  • The integration of phase contrast with X-ray microscopy was a logical and important development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the advancements in X-ray phase imaging techniques.
  • To highlight the progress in phase-contrast X-ray microscopy.
  • To discuss the capabilities of quantitative phase measurement and 3D phase imaging.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing digital X-ray image detectors for quantitative phase measurement.
  • Acquiring phase-contrast images through specific procedures.
  • Combining phase imaging with tomography for 3D reconstructions.

Main Results:

  • Development of quantitative phase measurement capabilities.
  • Establishment of 'phase imaging' as a distinct technique.
  • Feasibility of highly sensitive 3D phase imaging.

Conclusions:

  • X-ray phase imaging offers superior visualization for weakly absorbing materials compared to absorption contrast.
  • The evolution of digital detectors has enabled precise quantitative phase measurements.
  • Phase imaging, especially in conjunction with X-ray microscopy and tomography, provides powerful tools for scientific research.