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Parental Age and Offspring Psychopathology in the Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort
Alison K Merikangas1, Monica E Calkins1, Warren B Bilker2
1Lifespan Brain Institute, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Neuropsychiatry Section, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.
Insights
Parental age at birth impacts offspring mental health. Younger parental ages are linked to behavioral disorders and psychosis, while advanced paternal age is associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD).
Area of Science:
- Psychiatry
- Developmental Psychology
- Genetics
Background:
- Advanced paternal age is linked to neuropsychiatric disorders.
- Advanced maternal age is associated with schizophrenia and neurodevelopmental disorders.
- Younger maternal age is linked to behavioral disorders.
Purpose of the Study:
- Examine associations between maternal/paternal age and specific offspring psychopathology subtypes.
- Investigate these associations in a pediatric sample of adolescents with emergent psychiatric syndromes.
- Consider specificity regarding comorbidity and clinical vs. general samples.
Main Methods:
- Analyzed data from 8,725 youths (aged 8-21 years) in the Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort.
- Used logistic regression models to predict offspring psychopathology based on parental age.
- Adjusted for sociodemographic factors and comorbid disorders.
Main Results:
- Younger parental ages generally correlated with increased offspring psychopathology rates.
- Younger maternal and paternal ages associated with behavior syndromes and psychosis.
- Advanced paternal age linked to pervasive developmental disorders/autism spectrum disorder (PDD/ASD).
Conclusions:
- Both younger and older parental age are associated with specific offspring psychopathology.
- Parental age influence persists after controlling for demographics and social environment.
- Further research is needed to explore underlying explanations for these associations.
Objective:
Increasing evidence implicates advanced paternal age at offspring birth in neuropsychiatric disorders. Advanced maternal age has also been associated with schizophrenia and other neurodevelopmental disorders, whereas younger maternal age has been linked with behavioral disorders. Few studies have considered the specificity of the associations with respect to comorbidity. In addition, most prior studies have been conducted in clinical samples or registries that may reflect more severe forms of psychopathology. The aim of this research is to examine the independent and joint associations of maternal and paternal age with specific subtypes of psychopathology in offspring in a pediatric sample of adolescents with emergent psychiatric syndromes.
Method:
A total of 8,725 youths (aged 8-21 years) from the Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort were included in the analyses. Logistic regression models with parental age predicting offspring psychopathology were adjusted for sociodemographic factors and comorbid disorders.
Results:
We found that younger parental ages were generally associated with increased rates of offspring psychopathology. After controlling for sociodemographic characteristics and comorbidity, both younger maternal and paternal ages were associated with behavior syndromes and psychosis in youth, whereas advanced paternal age was associated with pervasive developmental disorders/autism spectrum disorder (PDD/ASD).
Conclusion:
These findings suggest that both younger and older parental age at birth are associated with specific forms of psychopathology in offspring. The persistence of the influence of parental age after control for demographic factors and an index of social environment suggests that additional explanations for these findings should be examined in future studies.