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Related Concept Videos

Zygotic Development And Stem Cell Formation01:10

Zygotic Development And Stem Cell Formation

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The development of all multicellular organisms starts with the fusion of haploid cells called sperm and egg to form a diploid zygote. A zygote is a totipotent cell that can develop into a complete organism. The zygote undergoes cell division or cleavage to form an 8-cell mass. Until this stage, the cells are spherical, loosely attached, and remain totipotent. Totipotent cells are capable of developing both the embryonic and the extraembryonic tissues. However, as they continue to divide, they...
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Cleavage and Blastulation01:33

Cleavage and Blastulation

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After a large-single-celled zygote is produced via fertilization, the process of cleavage occurs while zygotes travel through the uterine tube. Cleavage is a mitotic cell division that does not result in growth. With each round of successive cell division, daughter cells get increasingly smaller.
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Meiosis II02:02

Meiosis II

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Meiosis II entails cell division and segregation of the sister chromatids, resulting in the production of four unique haploid gametes. The steps for meiosis II are similar to mitosis, except that meiosis II occurs in haploid cells, whereas mitosis occurs in diploid cells.
The timing and cell division patterns of meiosis differ between males and females. In male meiosis, the centrosomes are part of the formation of the meiotic spindle. However, in oocytes, including that of humans, Drosophila,...
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Meiosis II01:57

Meiosis II

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Meiosis II is the second and final stage of meiosis. It relies on the haploid cells produced during meiosis I, each of which contain only 23 chromosomes—one from each homologous initial pair. Importantly, each chromosome in these cells is composed of two joined copies, and when these cells enter meiosis II, the goal is to separate such sister chromatids using the same microtubule-based network employed in other division processes. The result of meiosis II is two haploid cells, each...
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Crossing Over01:34

Crossing Over

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Unlike mitosis, meiosis aims for genetic diversity in its creation of haploid gametes. Dividing germ cells first begin this process in prophase I, where each chromosome—replicated in S phase—is now composed of two sister chromatids (identical copies) joined centrally.
The homologous pairs of sister chromosomes—one from the maternal and one from the paternal genome—then begin to align alongside each other lengthwise, matching corresponding DNA positions in a process...
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Hybrid Zones02:29

Hybrid Zones

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Hybrid zones are narrow regions where two closely related species interact, mate, and produce hybrids. Relative to either parent species, hybrids may possess distinct phenotypic or genetic differences that impact their survival and reproductive success. The genetic variances introduced by hybridization influence species diversity and speciation processes within the hybrid zone.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 3, 2026

Derivation of Mouse Trophoblast Stem Cells from Blastocysts
10:19

Derivation of Mouse Trophoblast Stem Cells from Blastocysts

Published on: June 8, 2010

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Mosaicism between trophectoderm and inner cell mass.

Antonio Capalbo1, Laura Rienzi1

  • 1GENERA, Centre for Reproductive Medicine, Clinica Valle Giulia, Rome, Italy; GENETYX, Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Vicenza, Italy.

Fertility and Sterility
|April 24, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Determining human blastocyst mosaicism is challenging. Current evidence suggests low prevalence, but accurate diagnosis via trophectoderm biopsy in preimplantation genetic diagnosis for aneuploidy (PGD-A) remains difficult due to technical errors.

Keywords:
Chromosomal mosaicismaneuploidiesblastocystinner cell masspreimplantation genetic screeningtrophectoderm

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Protocol for the Direct Conversion of Murine Embryonic Fibroblasts into Trophoblast Stem Cells
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Trans-inner Cell Mass Injection of Embryonic Stem Cells Leads to Higher Chimerism Rates
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Protocol for the Direct Conversion of Murine Embryonic Fibroblasts into Trophoblast Stem Cells
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Trans-inner Cell Mass Injection of Embryonic Stem Cells Leads to Higher Chimerism Rates
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Area of Science:

  • Reproductive biology
  • Human embryology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Defining the incidence and prevalence of mosaicism in human blastocysts is challenging.
  • Limited evidence exists for mechanisms regulating abnormal cells in mosaic embryos during preimplantation development.
  • Human studies are primarily descriptive and lack functional evidence.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To understand biological mechanisms of preimplantation differentiation.
  • To reveal the role of aneuploidies and gene dosage imbalances in embryonic mosaicism.
  • To address the controversy surrounding clinical management of mosaicism detected in trophectoderm biopsies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing animal and human studies on embryonic mosaicism.
  • Analysis of evidence regarding preimplantation differentiation and cell fate decisions.
  • Evaluation of trophectoderm biopsy accuracy in preimplantation genetic diagnosis for aneuploidy (PGD-A).

Main Results:

  • Evidence suggests mosaicism is detected in approximately 5% of human blastocysts, aligning with low reported pregnancy rates.
  • Comprehensive chromosomal screening platforms show variable accuracy in detecting mosaic samples.
  • Diagnosis of certainty for mosaicism in PGD-A cycles is considered impracticable.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding preimplantation differentiation mechanisms is crucial for insights into embryonic mosaicism.
  • Technical and biological errors in trophectoderm biopsy hinder accurate mosaicism estimation in PGD-A.
  • Clinical management of mosaicism requires careful consideration of diagnostic limitations and patient guidance.