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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 3, 2026

Author Spotlight: Validation of SICOLE-R for Assessing Cognitive and Reading Skills in Spanish-Speaking Children and Its Role in Personalized Education
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Factor Structure and Invariance of an Adolescent Risks and Needs Assessment.

Paul S Strand1, Chad M Gotch1, Brian F French1

  • 11 Washington State University, Richland, WA, USA.

Assessment
|April 25, 2017
PubMed
Summary

The Washington Assessment of Risks and Needs of Students (WARNS) effectively measures youth risks for truancy and school failure. Its structure is consistent across diverse student groups, supporting its use in educational and legal settings.

Keywords:
adolescentsat-riskfactorial invariancetruancy

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Area of Science:

  • Educational Psychology
  • Developmental Psychology
  • Forensic Psychology

Background:

  • High truancy and dropout rates present significant challenges for high schools and juvenile courts.
  • A reliable screening instrument is needed to identify at-risk youth and inform interventions.
  • The Washington Assessment of Risks and Needs of Students (WARNS) was developed to address these needs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine the psychometric properties of the WARNS instrument.
  • To assess the fit and measurement invariance of a bifactor model of the WARNS across demographic groups.
  • To evaluate the reliability of the WARNS for guiding decision-making.

Main Methods:

  • A bifactor model was tested using multigroup confirmatory factor analysis.
  • The sample comprised 937 court-petitioned high school students aged 13-17.
  • Invariance was examined across groups defined by sex and race/ethnicity.

Main Results:

  • The bifactor structure of the WARNS demonstrated essential invariance across sex and race/ethnicity groups.
  • Reliability analyses supported the use of the general factor for broad risk assessment.
  • Scores from the six specific factors provided detailed insights into particular risk and need areas.

Conclusions:

  • The WARNS is a psychometrically sound instrument for assessing youth risks related to school outcomes.
  • The instrument's invariant structure supports its equitable application across diverse student populations.
  • The WARNS can inform targeted interventions for youth facing truancy and school failure.