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Related Concept Videos

Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

2.1K
Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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Targeted Cancer Therapies02:57

Targeted Cancer Therapies

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The targeted cancer therapies, also known as “molecular targeted therapies,” take advantage of the molecular and genetic differences between the cancer cells and the normal cells. It needs a thorough understanding of the cancer cells to develop drugs that can target specific molecular aspects that drive the growth, progression, and spread of cancer cells without affecting the growth and survival of other normal cells in the body.
There are several types of targeted therapies against...
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Combination Therapies and Personalized Medicine02:50

Combination Therapies and Personalized Medicine

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Combining two or more treatment methods increases the life span of cancer patients while reducing damage to vital organs or tissue from the overuse of a single treatment. Combination therapy also targets different cancer-inducing pathways, thus reducing the chances of developing resistance to treatment.
The combination of the drug acetazolamide and sulforaphane is a good example of combination therapy to treat cancer. The cells in the interior of a large tumor often die due to the hypoxic and...
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Cancer Vaccines01:30

Cancer Vaccines

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Cancer treatment vaccines are a rapidly evolving field that offers a promising approach to immunotherapy. Unlike traditional vaccines that prevent diseases, cancer treatment vaccines are designed to treat existing cancers by stimulating the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells.
Cancer vaccines come in two categories: preventive (prophylactic) and treatment (active). Preventive vaccines, such as the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, protect against viruses that cause certain...
1.2K
Cancer Therapies02:49

Cancer Therapies

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Cancer therapies are various modes of treatment, such as surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy that are administered to cancer patients.
However, cancer treatments can pose several challenges, as therapies used to kill cancer cells are generally also toxic to normal cells. Moreover, cancer cells mutate rapidly and can develop resistance to chemical agents or radiation therapy. Besides, all types of cancer cells may not respond to the same therapy. Some cancer cells respond to one...
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Updated: Mar 3, 2026

Induction of Invasive Transitional Cell Bladder Carcinoma in Immune Intact Human MUC1 Transgenic Mice: A Model for Immunotherapy Development
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Immunotherapy in genitourinary malignancies.

Kathan Mehta1,2, Keyur Patel1, Rahul A Parikh3,4,5

  • 1Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.

Journal of Hematology & Oncology
|April 25, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cancer immunotherapy offers a promising alternative to traditional chemotherapy, enhancing the immune system to fight tumors with fewer side effects. This approach has led to durable responses and potential cures in some patients with metastatic disease.

Keywords:
AtezolizumabBCGBladderCTLA-4CancerCheckpoint inhibitorDurvalumabGenitourinary malignancyImmunotherapyInterleukinIpilimumabKidneyNivolumabPD-1PD-L1PROSTVACPembrolizumabProstateSipuleucel-T

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Cancer treatment traditionally relies on surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy.
  • Metastatic disease management often involves combination chemotherapies or targeted agents with limited complete response rates.
  • Advances in cancer immunology have led to the development of novel immunotherapies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review FDA-approved immunotherapy agents for genitourinary malignancies.
  • To summarize emerging immunotherapy agents in clinical development.

Main Methods:

  • Review of FDA-approved immunotherapies.
  • Summary of ongoing clinical trials for new immunotherapy agents.

Main Results:

  • Immunotherapy enhances the host immune system's ability to target cancer cells.
  • Immunotherapy demonstrates a lower incidence of side effects compared to conventional chemotherapy.
  • A subset of patients with metastatic disease achieve durable responses or cures with immunotherapy.

Conclusions:

  • Immunotherapy represents a significant advancement in cancer treatment, particularly for genitourinary malignancies.
  • Ongoing research is exploring novel immunotherapy agents and combinations for improved patient outcomes.