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Stimuli-activated drug delivery systems are designed to release drugs in response to specific physical, chemical, or biological stimuli. These systems often utilize hydrogels—three-dimensional, hydrophilic polymer networks capable of swelling in aqueous environments and retaining significant fluid volumes. Upon exposure to particular stimuli, these hydrogels undergo structural transitions that allow the embedded drug to be released. Due to this adaptive behavior, such systems are also...
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Polymeric carriers enhance targeted drug delivery by increasing efficacy while minimizing off-target effects. These carriers comprise a biodegradable polymeric backbone integrated with functional elements that enable targeting, improve physicochemical properties, and regulate drug release.Targeting MechanismsThe targeting ability of polymeric carriers is mediated by a homing device, which is a molecular recognition component designed to selectively bind to specific tissues or cells. Monoclonal...
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Site-targeted drug delivery systems enhance therapeutic efficacy while minimizing systemic toxicity and treatment costs. Unlike conventional methods, these systems ensure precise drug delivery, improving bioavailability and reducing side effects. Targeted drug delivery is classified into three levels. First-order targeting directs drugs to the capillary beds of specific organs or tissues. Second-order targets specific cell types, such as tumor cells, using receptor-mediated interactions.
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Rate-programmed drug delivery systems release drugs in a controlled manner to maintain therapeutic levels. Three main designs include reservoir, matrix, and hybrid systems.Reservoir systems consist of a drug core enclosed within a membrane that controls drug release. In non-swelling reservoir systems, polymers like ethyl cellulose or polymethacrylates are used. These do not hydrate in aqueous media and control release through membrane thickness, porosity, or insolubility. This type includes...
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Recent advances in CO2 bubble-generating carrier systems for localized controlled release.

Yu-Jung Lin1, Chieh-Cheng Huang2, Wei-Lin Wan1

  • 1Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, ROC.

Biomaterials
|April 25, 2017
PubMed
Summary

New carbon dioxide (CO2) bubble-generating drug carriers offer targeted delivery and reduced side effects. These stimuli-responsive systems enhance therapeutic effectiveness and can serve as ultrasound contrast agents.

Keywords:
Ammonium bicarbonateCalcium carbonateGas bubbleSodium bicarbonateStimuli-responsiveness

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Materials Science
  • Drug Delivery Systems

Background:

  • Stimuli-responsive drug delivery systems are advancing.
  • Carbon dioxide (CO2) bubble generation offers unique properties for drug carriers.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent progress in CO2 bubble-generating drug carriers.
  • To discuss their designs, mechanisms, and potential applications.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on CO2 bubble-generating drug carriers.
  • Analysis of stimuli-responsive agents and bubble generation mechanisms.
  • Exploration of therapeutic and diagnostic applications.

Main Results:

  • CO2 bubble-generating carriers enable triggered, rapid drug release.
  • These systems enhance drug accumulation at diseased tissues, minimizing side effects.
  • The hyperechogenic nature of CO2 bubbles allows for ultrasound imaging.

Conclusions:

  • CO2 bubble-generating drug carriers represent a promising stimuli-responsive delivery system.
  • They offer improved therapeutic efficacy and diagnostic capabilities.
  • Future applications may include other therapeutic gases like nitric oxide (NO).